Ethical Dilemmas Of Animal Testing

good Dilemmas Of Animal scrutinyThis report is based on the Literature Review almost good dilemma that arises over the broil of using Animals for interrogation and Research Studies. We collapse tried to explain in brief about Animal interrogation and discussed broadly with the Ethical Theories that support and reason about the Use of Animals.We collapse to a fault tried to relate all the estimable dilemma with respect to PG, who over the past decade has been constantly go about the allegations over the use of Animal Testing to ensure that their consumers get Safe Products.We have tried to come to a conclusion on how Animal Testing foundation be reduced, if not completely eradicated. At the like time we have voiced our opinions on the use of various alternatives to Animal Testing.Overview of Animal TestingThe Use of Animals for test observations and Experimentations for the greater understanding of reactions from a particular substance or raw material that goes into som e goods or medicines that we consumers consume can be termed as Animal Testing. Or you can say the use of non-human animal(prenominal)s experimentations to prevent pain and detriments to human beingsA number of companies that produced goods for personal and hygiene c ar have emerged from the mid to late nineteenth century and this resulted in the number of animal tests and experiments to grow exp sensationntially. The main reasons for those tests were medical research, to cure illness and test chemic compounds utilise to develop untried harvest-feasts. Those tests were conducted in medical schools, p victimizeaceutical companies, and even farms. The vast amounts of animals that be being well-tried on are mice, monkeys, cats, dogs and guinea pigs. How incessantly, certain types of animals are used for different types of research for instance mice for cancer research, dogs for transplant surgery and cats for psychological experiments. Moreover, closely of those animals that a re being tested on are purposely-bred and supplied by the specialists companies, otherwises usually come from the pound or are just caught in the wild.Over 100 million animals in North America alone give be eat uped in animal tests this year. Animal scrutiny has been going on for years, a lot of companies test their products on animals, some of these tests consist of restraining animals and dropping chemicals into their eyes, the scientists also forcefully pump the chemicals into the animals stomach though a tube to see how it reacts to the chemical. These experiments are sometimes carried without anesthesia which makes it extremely painful for the animal. After observing the reactions for a number of days the animal is either destroyed or re-used in other experiments, most experiments consist of burning, stabbing and drugging animals. The thing is that animals react to drugs otherwise than we do so the results cant accurately be applied to humans so why do scientists do it?Sin ce we cannot legally conduct tests on ourselves as humans, we look at the creatures that are right below us, animals. However, some of us dont seem to notice animals have feelings and can experience pain just as we would. As Jeremy Bentham would ask, The question is not, Can they reason? Nor, Can they talk? But can they suffer? Testing Animal Testing and Ethical Dilemma inventionThe rise in the consumer dominance has led the organizations to adopt the use of various artificially derived chemicals for use in production of Personal and Hygiene Goods. At the said(prenominal) time, medical advances and pharmaceutical companies acknowledge the use of animals for research studies and experimentation. This has raised various doubts about our ethics.Testing on Animals for chemical substance reactions to ensure consumer safety and move innovative techniques is believed to be inhumane by some, while others agree that Animal Testing assuages LIFE. This research paper evaluates the ethical dilemma borne by us.Animal Testing DefineThe obvious questions that are raised here are about the whole concept of Animal Testing and why is it necessary? Most of us are made to believe that Animal Testing is simply the torture of animals, striping them of their rights and cruel treatment of animals. This Definition of Animal Testing might have derived from various organizations that do not support the idea of Animal Research Studies as a whole and demand ethical treatment of animals through partial terrifying acts of demonstrations and protests. These are the organizations who believe Animals have RIGHTS.It was argued upon by Robert Goldberg (1990) at the Washington conference of Committee for Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal with top dignitaries of the Humane rules of order about the issue of euthanizing millions of stray animals in public interest, and why the ruckus of using the same animals for the use in lab- testing. It was also argued upon at the confe rence over how activists have been indulged in terrorist like activities, as demonstrated by various raids at numerous labs conducting experiments on animals.The irony is, we as humans, will never be willing to come up and accept the fact that if we dont test the substances on Us, Animals are the next best alternatives to ensure Safety.There has al ways been an argument that animal testing results are inaccurate and also it is expensive to perform tests, secondly, animal testing is inhumane, and thirdly, in that respect are alternatives to animal testing.According to former scientific decision maker of Huntingdon Life Sciences, animal tests and human results agree only 5%-25% of the time. Then flavour at Tony Pages Vivisection Unveiled it states that less than 2% of human illnesses (1.16%) are ever seen in animals. In the tests of LD/50 short for Lethal Dose 50 per cent, a test wherein the animals receive a continuous dose of a grave chemical until half of them die , the Human e Society of the United States states that LD/50 tests do not yield enough data on the following the pestiferous doses of a chemical or substance, the prediction of poisoning signs and symptoms, the prevention or correction of over doses, and the specific cause of death in laboratory animals. Finally, looking at PETAs fact sheets, they argue that In m some(prenominal) cases, animal studies do not just hurt animals and waste money they harm and kill people, too. The drugs thalidomide, Zomax and stilbestrol were all tested on animals and judged safe but had devastating consequences for the humans who used them. The cost of animal testing is about $136 billion each year.Ethical Dilemma Corporate Assessment PGDespite the fact that reliable modern humane tests are available in these days, Procter and Gamble insist on testing on animals claiming that this is the last resort that makes sure of their products safety. Whether it is ethical or wrong for Procter and Gamble to test on help less animals is the question raised in this ethical dilemma. The case is analyzed and ethically evaluated based onDeontological Theoriesteleological Theories casuist TheoryAll of these ethical theories aim at a common determined of goals which are the ethical principles and that includes Beneficence, Least Harm, Respect for autonomy, and Justice.Deontological TheoriesDeontological theories focus mainly on duties, obligations and rights. One of the most common deontological theories is the Kantianism which is known of its two formulations the savourless Imperative I and the Categorical Imperative II.PRO tool TESTINGA scientist at Procter and Gamble would raise the question is it right for humans to test on animals to go along human lives? The proposed rule would be that humans can and have the right to test on animals in order to save human lives. So if we infer the rule it is accepted for humans to test and experiments with animals in order to save human lives. Furthermore, Acc ording to Immanuel Kant- the German philosopher- the only thing with any basic abide by is a good will. Since animals have no wills at all, they cannot have good will they therefore do not have any basic value. Hence, it is ethical to test on animals because it saves humans lives.Procter and Gambles scientist would argue that deterrent example rights and principles of justice apply only to human beings. Morality is a creation of social processes in which animals do not participate. Moral rights and moral principles apply only to those who are part of the moral community created by these social processes. Since animals are not part of this moral community, we have no obligations toward them. But we do have moral obligations to our fellow human beings, which include the duty to reduce and prevent needless human suffering and untimely deaths, which, in turn, may require the painful experimentation on animals.CON ANIMAL TESTINGA scientist working at Body shop at raise the question Ca n Procter and Gamble mistreat and torture an animal claiming that this is the only way to make sure of their products safety? The proposed rule would be that organizations and companies can torture animals and demonstrate hideous experiments on them just because they believe that human beings are superiors to animals by being rational and intelligent. So if we universalize the rule, then a person can apply scientific experiments on any irrational unintelligent creature. Hence, that would include babies and people with mental difficulties and this would definitely be considered immoral and unethical on so many levels. That leads to the fact that although animals are irrational creatures, they feel the pain and the torture exercised on them. Thus, Procter and Gambles testing on animals can be termed unethical.Categorical Imperative II implies that individuals should act in a way that leads to a mutual benefit, treating both parties as ends in themselves. According to the case, animals are being employ in a way that is only considered beneficial for the human kind by Procter and Gamble. In other words, animals are being used as path to an end. Therefore, Procter and Gambles actions towards animals are unethical.Other deontological theories focus on the rights rather than duties and obligations. This leads to the controversial question Do animals have rights? Even though there is no law that clear states that animal rights are equal to human rights, animal rights campaigners have stated that animals have the right to live free from human exploitation, whether in the name of apprehension or sport, exhibition or service, food or fashion. Animals have the right to live in harmony with their nature rather than according to human desires. Injecting chemical substances into a rabbits eye for seven days to produce a Head and Shoulders shampoo deprive him from any of these rights. Applying cancer and toxicity tests on rats and mice of optical brighteners and other lau ndry detergent ingredients leave them with no rights as well. These are just examples of the various experiments applied on animals in Procter and Gambles laboratories. Thus, testing on animals is unethical.Teleological TheoriesTeleological theories focus on the consequences and the results of an action. Both of the Utilitarianism theories are perfect examples of such theories. An Act Utilitarians main objective is to take the action or the decision that would maximize the benefits for most people regardless of constraints such as law. On the other hand, a Rule Utilitarian takes into consideration justice and justice as well as beneficence for most people.PRO ANIMAL TESTNGThose who argue for the continuation of painful experimentation on animals state that society has an obligation to act in ways that will minimize harm and maximize benefits. Halting or curtailing painful experimentation on animals would have harmful consequences to society. Indeed, pain is an evil to be minimized, and scientists at Procter and Gamble do work to minimize pain when possible. Contrary to sensationalistic reports of animal rights activists, Procter and Gambles scientists are not a society of crazed, cruel, curiosity seekers. But there are instances when the use of alternatives, such as painkillers, would interfere with research that promises to vastly improve the quality and duration of human lives. Animal research has been the basis for new vaccines, new cancer therapies, artificial limbs and organs, new surgical techniques, and the ripening of hundreds of useful products and materials. These benefits to humans far outweigh the costs in suffering that relatively hardly a(prenominal) animals have had to endure. Society has an obligation to maximize the opportunities to produce such beneficial consequences, even at the cost of inflicting some pain on animals.CON ANIMAL TESTINGFrom an Act Utilitarian point of view, Procter and Gambles animal testing does not only harm the whole animal kingdom it is harming the human race and the purlieu as well. Animal testing is one of the main reasons of having various animals such as chimpanzees, macaques and white rhinos under threat, the threat of extinction. And as clarified earlier, animal testing is not the adequate way to save human lives. On the contrary, it is putting their lives in danger as well.A Rule Utilitarian who takes into account fairness and justice would add to the previous points that there is neither justice nor fairness applied when human beings use animals as disposable machines claiming that this is the only way to save as much human lives as possible (which is of course not true). Thus, According to the Act and Rule Utilitarianism theories animal testing held by Procter and Gamble is unethical.Casuist TheoryThe casuist theory compares a current ethical dilemma with examples of similar ethical and their outcomes.PRO ANIMAL TESTINGComparing our current ethical dilemma of Animal Testing and contra st the same with use of Canines as human companions, or use of animals for human safety would raise more doubts about our sincerity and perseverance to the issues raised in our society. Do we fail to conceptualize the degree of our social environment that would create a clear ethical dirt that justifies why we do what we do. Although most of the training is under acceptable standards, some safety patrol dogs need rigorous training which can be ferine and inhumane.CON ANIMAL TESTINGLooking at the issue from a casuistic point of view, a perfect similar ethical dilemma would be of human slavery. Caucasians used to believe that they are superior to others and therefore used to slave Africans and treat them in a very inhuman way claiming that by doing so they are maximizing the benefits for the whole world. This was considered one of the norms back in those dark times. Nowadays it is considered immoral, unethical and completely unacceptable in every tribe and society to treat another human being in an inferior way. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights clearly states now that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights and that everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Peoples awareness for human rights has been increasing throughout the years and this was the reason stub this Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Unfortunately, scientists at Procter and Gamble are still unaware of the fact that animals are entitled to have their own rights. They are absorbed to the fact that we as human beings have no right to mistreat animals. They have no right as human beings to capture them, torture them and kill them with no mercy under the veil of saving human lives. On the contrary, animals should have the right to live peacefully with their nature and we as the rational creatures on this earth are obligated to defend the helpless kingdom and protect them from any harm. Thus, animal testing at Procter and Gambles laboratori es can be simply ceased by declaring it unethical.Consumers FirstLooking at the whole idea from PGs point of view. According to PGs Human Safety Brochure and Sustainability (2009) overview, we have to first realize the fact that on an average about 4 billion people in the world use PG products every single day. This makes it their utmost priority that they reduce the risk of any type to the end-user.It has been for this very fact, that PG has been indulged in Animal Testing. The underlying factor here is that, we, as Humans, would be biased over the fact that if a particular product is tested on animals, and is guaranteed not to harm us or our children, we instantly change our opinion about the use of Animal Testing.According to Davis and Donald, we cannot have the ultimate assurance of the safety in the products we buy and use independent of animal testing. They specifically quote with present day technology, if the cost of achieving such assurance mandates the feed of an occasion al hairless mouse or rabbit or laboratory rat, then it is a price that we are prepared to pay. It is a delusion and a sham at this point to say we can achieve one without the other.Although the Ban on animal testing in various countries have wedded rise to various companies that are not indulged in Animal Testing, the Body Shop was one company that started off even before the ban with one view in mind Cruelty Free products.Many Researchers and Authors like Goldemberg and Robert (1992), believe that although a companys final product may not be tested on animals, but there is always a chance that down the line, some of the ingredients used were tested on animals by its suppliers or somebody else in the industry.ConclusionMedical Advances such as various vaccines, Insulin, treatment for kidney through dialysis, etc. Has been possible as a result of animal testing. At the same the use of various personal care products such has shampoos and cosmetics have been certified safe for human consumption as a result of constant development through Animal testing and research. During this journey, we have failed on many occasions to successfully justify animal testing when researches have gone wrong and caused harm and in certain cases death to Humans.Although we understand that Animal Testing has resulted in numerous data and statistics that would help generate computer simulation models and prove as a bench mark for further research, we can never stop Animal Testing as whole as it is fueled by our longing for innovation. There is always room for efficiency and least harm. This can be achieved by the 3Rs theory developed by British zoologists William Russel and Rex Burch in 1959.The theory focuses on Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of animal testing and experimentations.

Frogs :: essays research papers

Frogs are amphibians in the order Anura. The order Anura is illogical down into 22 different families of frogs and toads. Although they belong to the same order, frogs and toads are different in a lot of ways. Some of the more distinct differences are their scratch and where they live. Frogs usually have smooth moist skin and toads usually have dry pissy looking skin. Frogs spend most of their lives in or secretive water and toads spend more time on land. Amphibian means "double life." Frogs and toads each have two parts to their lives when they live on water and when they live land. A frogs life starts in the water when it is hatched from an egg as a tadpole. A tadpole looks very different from an adult frog. A tadpole has a tail, no limbs, and breathes through gills. After a while the tadpole goes through metamorphosis. During the change the frog grows limbs, the tail disappears, it uses lungs to breathe, and it doesnt have to live in water anymore. As a tadpole, the f rog feeds mostly on vegetation. The tadpoles have a small rasping mouth suited especially for scraping algea from the target of ponds. Depending on the species, it can take a few weeks to a year or more for the tadpoles to become fully grown. Not all frogs hatch as tadpoles. Some species of frogs hatch as froglets. Froglets look just like adult frogs but are a lot smaller. Froglets dont go through a metamophosis. close species that hatch as froglets are found in dry places. Frogs who live in dry places where rains are seasonal have to grow up readily because a tadpole will die if their temporary pond dries up. Adult frogs can live in water or on land, but it eer needs to be near water so its respiratory organs dont dry out.

The Bible as a Historical Document :: Research Religion Mark Religious Papers

The Bible as a Historical DocumentMARKS THEOLOGY REFLECTED IN WRITING bull and the other evangelists utilise basically five ways to change,edit or enhance Jesus sayings to reflect their own views of Christianity.According to the Five gospel truth Book, plagiarism and ever-changing of writing was non a crime, but actually very common Marks time. Besides, Mark neverknew Jesus first-hand, he somehow had to make a story from basicallyHearsay Mark groups different parables and sayings of Jesus by topicmaking a false impression that these things happened in order. This mayhave little effect on changing the meaning of the lesson, however itillustrates the fact that Mark was trying to author a readable story forpeople, rather than a book of facts. The best example would be in Mark1017-31 (Jesus Counsel to the Rich) & (Parable of The Camel and the Eyeof a Needle). It is doubtful that these things happened at the same timehowever, they are GREY in The Five Gospels anyway .. . and probably didnthappen as Mark describes. This brings us to Marks writing style. Mark seems to tack-on sentences to Jesus teachings to make themmore Christian. This really changes the meaning more than any othertactic Who knows what Mark may have edited-out to accomplish what hewanted to impress upon his readers? In this, he tries to interpret themeaning of Jesus actions ... and does this in a mislead way. Forexample Mark 219, Jesus regarding Fasting. Jesus makes a strongstatement against importance to fasting, but Mark (in 220) tags on But the days will come when the bridegroom will be taken awayfrom them, and they will fast in those days. This blatantly shows that Mark held higher regard for the greyTraditions of Fasting rather than Jesus new teachings This is also anexample of Christianizing Jesus according to traditions that havealready earned respect from Jews in their tradition. (Wow, this isstarting to sound care a fight between Todays Polit ical Parties, isntit? Jesus = Liberal Politics / Judaism = Conservative Politics). Finally, Mark likes to soften the blow of Jesus Hard sayings. He does this for probably the same intellectual Paul preached that Circumcisionwas not required for Christians.

Guilt and Regret in Gwendolyn Brooks Poem The Mother :: Poetry Analysis

The MotherGwendolyn Brooks poem The mother tells us about a mother who had many abortions. The speaker is addressing her tykeren in explain to them why child could not have them. The internal conflict reveals that she regret killing her children or small pups with a little or with no hair. The speaker tells what she will never do with her children that she killed. She will never neglect, beat, silence, buy with sweet, scuffle off ghosts that come, controlling your luscious sigh/ buckle under for a snack, never hear them giggled, planned, and cried. She also wishes she could see their marriage, aches, stilted, play games, and deaths. She regrets even not giving them a name and breaths. The mother knows that her decision will not let her impart by using the phrase Abortions will not let you forget. The external conflict lets us know that she did not acted alone in her decision making. She mentions believe that even in my deliberateness I was not deliberate and whine that the sh ame was other than mine. The speaker is saying that her decision to have an abortion was not final yet but someone forced her into having it anyway. The external conflict is that she cannot forget the pain on the day of having the abortions. She mentions the contracted and eased that she felt having abortions.

US Soldiers and Their Relationship With Society in America After the Vi

US Soldiers and Their Relationship With Society in America After the Vietnam War Imagine playing in the NCAA National disdain game in front of 50,000 people and millions of others watching via their televisions at home. After an intensely fought game the final score indicates that a loss was suffered. Hopes and dreams of winning a National Championship are gone and one can only contemplate what could have gone the other way and what may be in store for next season on the journey home. Once arriving to campus the cheers and mass distributions of congrats are heard by those in the surrounding society for the effort and punishing work exhibited by the players on the team. Although defeat was endured, positivity still lingered amongst the community.The story of the losing team in a National Championship game is seen numerous multiplication every year. However, the relationship the society of America displayed with the returning soldiers from the Vietnam War had a negative aura that is still shown over 30 years later. The Vietnam War was fill with controversy from the beginning and it has yet to end today. The Vietnam Veterans in America suffered from social, physical, and psychological problems that only complicated their relationship with society and is portrayed statistically and through examples from soldiers since the day they returned from the battlefield.The Vietnam War was an extremely controversial war that took the lives of many Americans and resulted in Americas first losing campaign. The U.S. was involved in Vietnam since World War II accompaniment Ho Chi Minh and his Communist forces against Japanese occupation. After the result of an incident involving two US vessels, President Lynden Johnson ordered jets to bom... ...amongst the society and the individual soldiers may roam for years to come. Hopefully the next time America is faced with entering war the players come home from the championship game with a win and a remarkable homecoming. Le arn more about the Vietnam Veterans and the Vietnam Memorial(1) Lembcke, Jerry. The Spitting Image Myth, Memory, and the Legacy of Vietnam. New York 30. (2) Lembcke, 30. (3) Dean, Eric T. Jr. Shook Over Hell Post-Traumatic Stress, Vietnam, and the Civil. War. Cambridge 183. (4) Edwards, Adam Charles. in-person Interview. (5) Lembcke, 32. (6) Lembcke, 1. (7) Lembcke, 31. (8) Witteman, Paul A. Lost in America. Time, 11 February 1991 76-77. (9) Witteman, 76. (10) Witteman, 77. (11) Witteman, 76. (12) Witteman, 76. (13) Witteman, 77. (14) Dean, 195. (15) Dean, 196.

Doing Business in India Essay -- essays research papers

We believe the single greatest risk of doing business in India is its bureaucracy. The Indian bureaucracy is often referred to as babudom. An Indian bureaucrat is often referred to as a babu. Today, babu may also mean Sir or Mr. The babudom was formed after India gained license from Britain. It employs many more people than necessary and it is highly unproductive. Each geographic region of the babudom requires specific government permissions and taxes. Making progress in the babudom with limited local anaesthetic support is a difficult task, especially for a small U.S. firm with limited capital.The babudom wastes your companys quantify. It will cause delays in the completion of your goals. It may take years before your company is approved to sell your products or services in India. Instead of selling your products and services, your employees will be spending prison term trying to get them approved. The babu do not have a vested interest in your company and often do not care how broad it takes to make progress. For example, the bureaucracy in India can be compared to getting a drivers license at the DMV in the U.S. it takes an excessive amount of date get the license, the employees are not friendly to the customers or to each other, and there is an array of forms to fill out before any progress can be made.Dealing with the babudom will add be to your companys investment in India. These costs may be attri entirelyed to various taxes, consulting fees, and permits, among other things. These costs may not be obvious to someone who is not familiar with business practices in India. A company may not have planned for these added costs and may be forced to back out of a project if it exceeds its budget. These costs force companies to spend money that could have been used in more effective ways. For example, students are not always prepared for the many different fees that they will be charged for attending San Jose State. Besides tuition, students pay fees for books, the health center, activity cards, labs, and parking.India is a collective culture, meaning that individuals decisions must be in harmony with family, group and social structures. This is not a bad thing, simply it can add to the risk of an American dealing with the babudom. American culture typically values individualism and often business is deemed more important than family life... ...ve Indian that you can trust. This way, he or she can advise you on your decisions when dealing with the babudom or other Indian companies. It will take time to establish these relationships, but it will help you save time and money in the future.An Indian will have to trust you as a friend before he or she will make a deal with you. Be patient with Indian natives and make an effort to get to know them before doing business with them. give out them about your family and your background. When negotiating a business deal, focus on more than just legalities. Natives will lose respect for someone that is only trying to establish a business relationship with them.When doing business in India, you must be patient. Aggression is not appreciated and it is considered to be negative. However, you must also set realistic time frames. Try to fix most of your appointments before you leave, and do not plan a trip close to a major holiday, such as Diwali or Republic Day, when business slows down for days. If you cannot get a confirmation that something will be done or if you believe that someone is stalling, take this as a sign that the company or person you are negotiating with is not interested.

Communicating Through Numbers in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay

Communicating Through Numbers in Beloved Humanity uses numbers as a way to say beyond linguistic process, evoking estimations more readily than words al unmatchable are able to. All religions and cultures have significant numbers that communicate an essence or idea more quickly and completely than words can. It is in this manner that Toni Morrison uses numbers in Beloved. Significant numbers occur starting with the first symbols of the text and the words on the pages before the body of the text starts. 124. The first thing to appear, and we already have a significant number. Sethe has four children. The third one is dead. Numbers 1, 2, and 4 remain. Another number that stands alone in its significance is twenty-eight. Twenty-eight is the length of the menstrual cycle, the lunar month, and the duration of Sethes happiness Sethe had had twenty-eight days - the travel of one whole moon - of unslaved life. From the pure clear stream of spit that the little girl dribbled into her f ace to her oily blood was twenty-eight days (95). Sethe has lived twenty historic period of sorrow, for twenty-eight days of pleasure, and spends another eighteen suffering before Paul D and Beloved brighten her life again. Those twenty-eight happy days were followed by eighteen years of disapproval and a solitary life....Was that the pattern? she wondered. Every eighteen or twenty years her unbelievable life would be disrupt by a short-lived glory? (173). This symbol is significant, and twenty-eight appears only within this context. Many numbers occur that are significant even though they are not recurring themes throughout the book. Howard and Buglar ran away by the time they were thirteen years old (3), the traditional age of manhood ... ...tion (695). This seems precisely what is happening when Sixo dies. As we see, numbers play an enormous role in Beloved. They communicate concepts in a sort of psychic shorthand, adding a deeper subtext to many events. The way in which the numbers are used is universal, using symbols common to all of humanity. It is universal comprehension like that which gives Beloved the power it has, its genius, and its beauty. Works Cited Gaskell, G. A. Dictionary of All Scriptures and Myths. (New York The Julian Press, 1960) p. 695 Herder Dictionary of Symbols. Trans. Boris Matthews. (Wilmette, Illinois Chiron Publications, 1993) Mackey, Cameron. Interviews with. Haverford College, December 1995. Morrison, Toni. Beloved. (New York Plume, 1988) Schimmel, Annemarie. The Mystery of Numbers. (New York Oxford University Press, 1993)