The Principle Characteristics of the British Constitution Research Paper

The Principle Characteristics of the British Constitution - Research Paper Example Conversely, the question still exists – why do we not turn Conventions into rules of law, or codify them? Some have been codifying, such as Parliament Act 1911 and, the Statute of Westminster 1931, which states that the British government will not interfere with the affairs of other nations. However, a good answer is that there would be a huge shift in power in favor of the courts to the judiciary. During the Re Amendment of the Constitution of Canada 1982, another question arose – if the courts recognize conventions, does that mean they turn into laws? The courts made it very clear that they do not. Some cases have touched on the question of whether conventions can crystallize into law. This question was answered in the case of Manuel v Attorney-General [1983] and the suggestion, in this case, was that the convention that Westminster would not enact legislation for a dominion except at its request and with its consent had crystallized into law so that actual consent ha d to be established. The action had been brought by Aboriginal chiefs seeking a declaration that the Canada Act 1982 was ultra vires, as the consent of the Aboriginal people did not exist. Section 4 of the Statute of Westminster 1931 did not enact the convention but incorporated it in a modified form. Under the constitution of the U.K., all actions of government are undertaken in the name of the Crown. Any account of the prerogative is an account of power. The prerogative today represents one of the most intriguing aspects of the unwritten constitution. In focusing on one particular convention, the Royal Prerogative, it may become clearer why Constitutional Conventions of the U.K. should be codified.

Consequences of Attacks via Cyberspace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Consequences of Attacks via Cyberspace - Essay Example The consequences of unauthorized access, on the one hand, and the tampering with information, on the other, are enormous, whether accessed in terms of its impact upon individuals, corporate entities or the economy as a whole (Sturdevant, 2005). Indeed, a considerable of the potential consequences of the unauthorised violation of information, or of cyberattacks, highlights the aforementioned. Much has been written about the consequences of cyberattacks and the extent to which the theft, unauthorized access or tampering with information has the potential to wreak havoc upon individual lives, companies and economies. In explaining this, Schwartau (1994) identified three levels of information warfare, each of which had its own unique characteristics, targets and, naturally, consequences. The first level, referred to by Schwartau (1994) as interpersonal Attacks,' focuses on identity theft, both of individuals and of corporations. The successful theft of identity, entailing the gathering of personal/corporate information and records, allows the identity thief to pose as the person/entity in question. Through possession of information such a credit history, driving records, medical files/history and accounts, the identity thief can proceed to harass the entity/person in question and assassinate his/her character or corporate reputation (Schwartau, 1994). While interpersonal attacks, primarily limited to identity threat, are classified as the first level of information warfare, the harm done to victims can take years and substantial amounts of money to repair. As Block (2007) reports, official crime statistics indicate that approximately 5% of all American adults have been victimized and, as a consequence, have witnessed both the destruction of their credit history and, in many instances, their reputation. On the corporate level, however, identity theft may be identified as a serious annoyance more than a problem insofar as the theft of corporate identity is much more difficult than the theft of individual identity and much easier to disprove. That does not mean to imply that it is not problematic or that it does not expose the entity in question to both financial loss and negative publicity but only that its consequences are much more containable than those which result from one of the other two levels of information warfare. Within the context of level two information warfare, referred to by Schwartau (1994) as InfoWar, the consequences are infinitely more serious and substantially more costly. InfoWar, as defined by Schwartau (1994), involves sabotage, the theft of company records, including client and subscriber lists, and industrial espionage. A not uncommon scenario can involve the theft of client and subscriber lists and their subsequent selling to a competitor. In order to highlight the magnitude of the consequences of this act of InfoWar, Gold (2001) discusses the consequences of InfoWar in relation to Encyclopedia Britannica, which was subjected to such a cyberattack incident approximately ten years ago. Its database, containing the names of 3,000,000 subscribers was stolen and sold to a competitor. That database, considered the company's most valuable asset, was conservatively estimated at $1,000,000. Needless to say, the company lost tens of thousands of subscribers, not to mention the financia l loss it incurred (Gold, 2001). InfoWar is not,

Analyze papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyze papers - Essay Example The colleges are cheaper and high school pay an average of $ 2,544 per year. The colleges attain high enrollment despite the harsh economic conditions in the society (Boggs p 3). Thesis: American colleges are democratic, diverse and offer equal opportunities in access of quality education American colleges are democratic since citizens have equal access regardless of age, gender, race or ethnic background. The education is accessible, quality and ensures a learning lifeline for the rural communities. The community colleges offer critical workforce for the nation since a majority of the first responders including firefighters, police officers and paramedics have postsecondary credentials (Boggs p 3). The education provide local economies with required skills such as the Alabama Southern Community College that offers paper technology programs to the pulp industries and Gulf Coast colleges that offer petrochemical technical programs. The colleges are inclusive and diverse in terms of na tionality, ethnicity, social economic status and disability composition of the student population (Boggs 4). All American politicians and educationists agree that education guarantees American competitiveness and productivity (Delbanco p 1). American colleges keep pace with knowledge economy through providing the required skills and expertise in the industries. Although education has existed since Ancient Greece and Rome, American colleges have gone further to formalize the education system by grant of the teaching license and modern colleges with library facilities. American colleges have specialized education and strive to reach many people as possible including women. Inclusion of need-based policies ensures equal access of education among social classes without any regard to social status or birth status of the individual. Interestingly, students from affluent families have chances of gaining admission to nonprofit colleges and gain knowledge on American and international cultur es (Delbanco 3). Unlike other college systems that aim at attaining higher employment rates like Chinese, American college system aim at enabling the multi-cultural student population to learn from each other. Indeed, a landmark case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) demonstrated that inter-racial student population enables interchange of ideas and interaction of consciences. American colleges have utilized technology to ensure higher access and reduce costs associated with small classes per faculty. The hybrid model allow for electronic instruction and assessment. However, the standardized testing system of other countries such as China and Belgium is slowly gaining inroads in US decentralized system with the No Child Left behind Program assessment program proposed by President Barrack Obama. The standardized system will undermine liberal education ideologies, but will cater for the cost, use of technology and increase the transition from the school to coll ege. However, some qualities such as creativity, humility and insight in to ethical behaviors are immeasurable using standardized testing. American college system is under revolution due to increase in the use of information technology, globalization, inadequacy of secondary education and high debate on skills needed in the economy. Accordingly, older students are faced with challenges such as family demands,

Evaluation of a Gas Constant (Experiment 3) Essay Example for Free

Evaluation of a Gas Constant (Experiment 3) Essay Experiment 3: Evaluation of Gas Constant Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to demonstrate the ideal gas law under ordinary conditions. In this lab, the variables in the ideal gas law are known or can be found aside from the constant R. Thus, the R values can be found and relatively determine the relevancy of the ideal gas law to the lab conditions. The ideal gas law was tested using the reaction: Mg (s) + 2HCl2 (aq) H2 (g) Procedure: 1. Ribbons of magnesium (5) were cut to the approximate length of the instructor’s example and were weighed separately on scale #1. 2. HCl provided by the instructor was added to a eudiometer tube (8mL). The rest of the tube was filled with water. One of the magnesium tapes was wrapped around a piece of copper wire in the opening of the tube. 3. The eudiometer tube was then inverted over and into a 450 mL beaker with water. The initial volume was recorded. 4. While the reaction occurred, the temperature was taken at 1 minute intervals for 3 minutes. 5. After the reaction occurred, the height difference from the solution within the eudiometer tube and the top of the liquid volume in the beaker was recorded. The final volume was also recorded. Summary Table: Mean of R= .0737 Standard Deviation= .0298 Relative Standard Deviation= 40.46% Summary Table: Mean of R= .0737 Standard Deviation= .0298 Relative Standard Deviation= 40.46% Discussion: This lab was supposed to generate numbers close to the R constant by plugging in the values acquired in reaction Magnesium and Hydrochloric acid reaction. (The reaction results in H2 gas.) The mean acquired from our data set was .0737 L-ATM/mol-K as opposed to the actual constant .08206 L-ATM/mol-K. The constant we acquired was much lower in value, potentially due to the outlier in our data set: Trial Four. Trial Four resulted in the R value .0205 ATM-L/K-mol which skewed our relative mean, standard deviation and relative standard deviation. By removing the fourth trial from the data set, the new mean is .08705 L-ATM/mol-K, a closer but slightly higher R value. The standard deviation would be .00236 and the relative standard deviation would be 2.71%. These values have more precision than the 40.46% relative standard deviation and .0298 standard deviation acquired in the entire data set. I believe there must have been an error in the methodology to produce the outlier result in the fo urth trial. Too much liquid could have been spilled during the process or perhaps the magnesium did not fully react because it was so tightly bound around the copper. The error in this lab could range from those listed above and inaccurate measurements.

The Purpose of Initial Assessment and What Kind of Methods Could Be Used Essay Example for Free

The Purpose of Initial Assessment and What Kind of Methods Could Be Used Essay The purpose of an initial assessment is to firstly, make sure that a learner can enter the programme of study at a level that is appropriate to them. Secondly, these assessments also allow the learner to be able to plan their individual achievable learning goals. These initial assessments will become the framework of learners ILP’s (individual Learning Plans). They will also ensure that the learner provider and tutor can identify the gaps in learning sooner rather than later. It should go without saying that providers want the best for learners, it’s just as important that learners should know right from the start that they are entitled to the best for themselves†. (readingroom ,online) This demonstrates the importance of the initial assessment and its results have on an individual learner’s development. Initial Assessment are what they are, they are just the beginning and become a tailor made plan which then becomes a vital part of the teaching and learning for the learner and provider alike. â€Å"Assessment helps to set clear expectations for standards and achievement. CFBT, 2011,p10 . ) Initial assessment therefore ensures that there can be progression as it also allows learners themselves to see and develop on strengths and weaknesses from the outset. One can also suggest that these initial assessments are a motivational tool too, so that not only can the provider plan for the end goal but also that a learner can readily see that the results from initial assessments are used to determine achievable goals thus seeing that the overall course outcomes are achievable. There are several methods in which initial assessments can be ascertained. An initial interview gives a basic knowledge and is seen as a good indicator about the suitability of the learner, for example, what they have achieved in the past, what they want to achieve but as these are sometimes done prior to qualification results, this would not always produce a true reflection of a learner’s ability. Therefore a programme of induction following the interview and acceptance would ensure the learner can be fully assessed and ascertain not only the level they are working to but also any help that is required is in place from the beginning. Skills based testing is a common initial assessment tool. Learners take online or written assessments and the results ascertain their levels they are currently working on, furthermore specific diagnostic test homes in on the gaps in their skills. This method is effective and can give providers and tutors a general scale of ability, however one can argue that the results can also be misleading , for example if a learner has rushed or guessed part the assessment then the results would not be true reflection of the learners ability. BKSB is one of these online skills providers, used by many colleges. BKSB cover learner’s initial skills testing in literacy, numeracy and ICT, as well as diagnostic. However it can be argued that whilst convenient, for example, instant results and no marking by tutors and also identifies the specific subject knowledge and gaps , it can miss special needs problems such as dyslexia. Another initial assessment undertaken may include looking at a learner preferred learning style – commonly known as VAK , visual,( seeing and reading), auditory ( listening and speaking and kinaesthetic ( Touching and doing) . These are basically different ways of learning and be achieved through completion of questionnaires. This assessment is vital and is an integral part in the learner and tutors planning. Ensuring that your learners preferred style is embedded in the lesson plan (differentiation) can ensure that the learner’s motivation is continued. There are no right and wrong answers but in some cases there is not always a clear result, many learners may have a mix. However this could be seen as a positive when teaching a larger group as you can embed all three learning styles ensuring that a larger number will participate therefore keeping learners motivated and achieving goals and also progressing. Arguably you could suggest that the most important part of initial assessment is giving feed back to the learner of the results. This as we have said previously allows the learner to set themselves achievable goals. They have possibly already learnt things about themselves that they didn’t know. For example what their preferred style is. The advantage of this feedback session is that both learner and tutor have set clear manageable targets and goals. This is turn can be seen as a motivational tool for the learner as they have been part of the process and know what is expected from them. This also instils the motivation for the teacher to make sure that the learner can achieve their goals Regular reviews, target setting and referring to the initial assessments target setting is vital in ensuring a learner remains motivated, Learners will achieve if they can see themselves progressing. Smart targets therefore are an achievable and motivational tool as it will ensure that targets are met in an expected time frame. According to Reid (2007 pg. 14) motivation should be intrinsic, which means that a learner should be self-motivated. If the initial assessments have been managed effectively then they become the perfect platform for the Reid’s ideas, as the assessments are set up to insure that a learner as contributed to the target setting. Reid also states that ‘a car will not run without fuel, therefore a child won’t learn without motivation. (Reid 2007 pg. 4). Although aimed at younger children the ethos is the same in that even older learners need to be fed relevant facts in order to progress and reach goals. One could also suggest though that the older the learner is the harder it is to motivate as in some circumstances a lower self-esteem is more evident than in younger children, for example those leaners within foundation learning projects for example. If one uses foundation learning as an example, then motivating them becomes a juggling act as you have to employ strategies that would work over a mixed ability group. Characteristics of a group also play an important part of motivation. One main point is setting out a clear aim and objective of a day’s lessons. Learners then have an expectation of what is expected from them. Tutors must ensure there is a mix of learning skills. For example, the shyer, less confident learners might not want to join in with the speaking and listening task but then if you link it up with a task the quieter ones can excel at then you can continue to keep motivation going whilst also covering more challenging areas. This also is ensuring that you are achieving their goals but also their learning style patterns as stated in the leaners initial assessments. Feedback is vital and is especially important when reaching the end of a session or a unit of work and must include the completion of any smart targets reached, and then new ones to be set with the leaner thus detailing progress and keep motivation going. To ensure learners are kept motivated and achieving their goals, then there are of course many other strategies and theories. However the vital point remains that with the initial assessments and subsequent ILR’s, regular reviews with providers or tutors learners will hopefully continue to motivate themselves by seeing that they have achieved goals set, furthermore with every new set of new goals learners can see the on-going progression and therefore motivation to succeed continues.

Accessing The Deep Web Computer Science Essay

Accessing The Deep Web Computer Science Essay The World Wide Web has grown from few thousand web pages in 1993 to almost 2 billion web pages at present. It is a big source of information sharing. This source of information is available in different forms; text, images, audio, video, tables etc. People use this information via web browsers. Web browser is an application to browse web on internet. Search engines are used to search specific data from the pool of heterogeneous information [1]. In the rest of this chapter I will how people can search relevant information, how search engine works, what a crawler is, how it works, and what related literature about the particular problem is. SEARCH ENGINE A search engine is a program to search for information on the internet. The results against a search query given by user are presented in a list on a web page. Each result is a link to some web page that contains the specific information against the given query. The information can be a web page, an audio or video file, or a multimedia document. Web search engines work by storing information in its database. This information is collected by crawling each link on a given web site. Google is considered a most powerful and heavily used search engine in these days. It is a large scale general purpose search engine which can crawl and index millions of web pages every day [7]. It provides a good start for information retrieval but may be insufficient to manage complex information inquiries those requires some extra knowledge. WEB CRAWLER A web crawler is a computer program which is use to browse the World Wide Web in a automatic and systematic manner. It browses the web and save the visited data in database for future use. Search engines use crawler to crawl and index the web to make the information retrieval easy and efficient [4]. A conventional web crawler can only retrieve surface web. To crawl and index the hidden or deep web requires extra effort. Surface web is the portion of web which can be indexed by conventional search engine [11]. Deep or hidden web is a portion of web which cannot be crawled and indexed by conventional search engine [10]. DEEP WEB AND DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO DISCOVER IT Deep web is a part of web which is not part of surface web and lies behind HTML forms or the dynamic web [10]. Deep web content can be classified into following forms; Dynamic Content: this is a type of web contents which are accessed by submitting some input value in a form. Such kind of web requires domain knowledge and without having knowledge, navigating is very hard. Unlinked Content: These are the pages which are not linked in other pages. This thing may prevent it from crawling by search engine. Private Web: These are the sites which require registration and login information. Contextual Web: These are the web pages which are varying for different access context. Limited Access Content: These are site which limit its access to their pages. Scripted Content: This is a portion of web which is only accessible through links produced by JavaScript as well as content dynamically invoke by AJAX functions. Non-HTML/ Text Content: The textual contents which are encoded in images or multimedia files cannot handled by search engines.[6] All these create a problem for search engine and for public because a lot of information is invisible and a common user of search engine even donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t know that might be the most important information is not accessible by him/her just because of above properties of web applications. The Deep Web is also believed that it is a big source of structured data on the web and retrieving it is a big challenge for data management community. In fact, this is a myth that deep web is based on structured data which is in fact not true because deep web is a significant source of data most of which is structured but not only one. [8]. Researchers are trying to find out the way to crawl the deep web content and they have succeeded in this regard but still there are a lot of future research problems. One way to search deep web content is domain specific search engine or vertical search engine such as worldwidescience.org and science.org. These search tools are providing a link to national and international scientific databases or portals [7]. In literature there are two other techniques to crawl the deep web content; Virtual Integration and Surfacing. The virtual integration is used in vertical search engine for specific domains like cars, books, research work etc. In this technique a mediator form is created for each domain and semantic mappings between individual data and mediator form. This technique is not suitable for standard search engine because creating mediator forms and mappings cost very high. Secondly, indentifying queries relevant to each domain is a big challenge and the last is that information on we b is about everything and boundaries cannot be clearly defined. Surfacing uses a technique to pre-calculate the most relevant input value for all appealing HTML forms. The URLs resulting from these form submission are produced off-line and indexed like a normal URL. When user query for a web page which is in fact a deep web content, search engine automatically fill the form and show the link to user. Google uses this technique to crawl deep web content. This technique is unable to surface scripted content [5]. Today most web applications are AJAX based because it reduced the surfing effort of user and network traffic [12, 14]. Gmail, yahoo mail, hotmail and Google maps are famous AJAX applications. The major goal of AJAX based applications is to enhance the user experience by running client code in browser instead of refreshing the page from server. The second goal is to reduce the network traffic. This is achieved by refreshing only a part of page from server [14]. AJAX has its own limitations. AJAX applications refresh its content without changing URL which is a worm for crawler because crawlers are unable to identify new state. It is like a single page web site. So, it is essential to explore some mechanism to make AJAX crawl-able. To surface the web contents those are only accessible through JavaScript as well as contents behind URLs dynamically downloaded from web server via AJAX functions [5], there are different hurdles those are prevent the web to expose in front of crawlers; Search engines pre-cache the web site and crawl locally. AJAX applications are event based so events cannot be cached. AJAX applications are event based so there may be several events that lead to the same state because of same underlying JavaScript function is used to provide the content. It is necessary to identify redundant states to optimize the crawling results [14]. The entry point to the deep web is a form. When a crawler finds a form, it needs to guess the data to fill out the form [15, 16]. In this situation crawler needs to react like a human. There are many solutions to resolve these problems but all have their limitations. Some application developer provides custom search engine or they expose web content to traditional search engine based on agreement. This is a manual solution and requires extra contribution from application developers [9]. Some web developers provide vertical search engine on their web site which is used to search specific information about their web site. There are many companies which have two interfaces of their web site. One is dynamic interface for users convenient and one is alternate static view for crawlers. These solutions only discover the states and events of AJAX based web content and ignore the web content behind AJAX forms. This research work is going to propose solution to discover the web content behind AJAX based forms. Google has proposed a solution but still this project is undergone [9]. The process of crawling web behind AJAX application becomes more complicated when a form encounters and crawler needs to identify the domain of the form to fill out the data in form to crawl the page. Another problem is that no form has the same structure. For example, a user looking for a car finds different kind of form than a user looking for a book. Hence there are different form schemas which make reading and understanding of form more complicated. To make the forms crawler read-able and understand-able, the whole web should be classified in small categories, each category belongs to a different domain and each domain has a common form schema which is not possible. There is another approach, focused crawler. Focused crawlers try to retrieve only a subset of the pages which contains most relevant information against a particular topic. This approach leads to better indexing and efficient searching than the first approach [17]. This approach will not work in some situations where a form has a parent form. For example, a student fills a registration form. He/she enters country name in a field and next combo dynamically load city names of that particular country. To crawl the web behind AJAX forms, crawler needs special functionality. CRAWLING AJAX Traditional web crawlers discover new web pages by starting from known web pages in web directory. Crawler examines a web page and extracts new links (URLs) and then follows these links to discover new web pages. In other words, the whole web is a directed graph and a crawler traverse the graph by a traversal algorithm [7]. As mentioned above, AJAX based web is like a single page application. So, crawlers are unable to crawl the whole web which is AJAX based. AJAX applications have a series of events and states. Each event is act as an edge and states act as nodes. Crawling states is already done in [14, 18], but this research is left the portion of web which is behind AJAX forms. The focus of this thesis is to crawl web behind AJAX forms. INDEXING Indexing means creating and managing index of document for making searching and accessing desired data easy and fast. The web indexing is all about creating indexes for different web sites and HTML documents. These indexes are used by search engine for making their searching fast and efficient [19]. The major goal of any search engine is to create database of larger indexes. Indexes are based on organized information such as topics and names that serve as entry point to go directly to desired information within a corpus of documents [20]. If the web crawler index has enough space for web pages, then those web pages should be the most relevant to the particular topic. A good web index can be maintained by extracting all relevant web pages from as many different servers as possible. Traditional web crawler takes the following approach: it uses a modified breadth-first algorithm to ensure that every server has at least one web page represented in the index. Every time, when a crawler en counters a new web page on a new server, it retrieves all its pages and indexes them with relevant information for future use [7, 21]. The index contains the key words in each document on web, with pointers to their locations within the documents. This index is called an inverted file. I have used this strategy to index the web behind AJAX forms. QUERY PROCESSER Query processor processes query entered by user in order to match results from index file. User enters his/her request in the form of a query and query processor retrieves some or all links and documents from index file that contains the information related to the query and present to the user in a list of results [7, 14]. This is a simple interface that can find relevant information with ease. Query processors are normally built by breadth first search which make sure that every single server containing relevant information has many web pages represented in the index file [17]. This kind of design is important for users, as they can usually navigate within a server more easily that navigating across many servers. If a crawler discovers a server as containing useful data, user will possibly be able to search what they are searching for. Review this after implementing query processor in my thesis. RESULT COLLECTION AND PRESENTATION Search results are displayed to user in the form list. The list contains the URLs and words those matches to the search query entered by user. When user make a query, query processor match it with index, find relevant match and display all them in result page [7]. There are several result collection and representation techniques are available. One of them is grouping similar web pages based on the rate of occurrence of a particular key words on different web pages [15]. Need a review CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS CHAPTER 5 FUTURE WORK CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION

Writers of the 1920s Essay -- Authors

Writers of the 1920's The 1920's had many influential writers in literature. While reaching this time period it is almost certain that the names William Faulkner, Earnest Hemingway, and F. Scott Fitzgerald will be found. Each of the writers has their own personal style of writing and each one of the lives has influenced what they write about to even the way they each portray their literature. William Cuthbert Faulkner was born into a financially stable family from New Albany, Mississippi. Faulkner dropped out of high school to work in his grandfathers store. While at the store Faulkner found out he enjoyed writing. Faulkner enrolled at U of Mississippi to pursue his his passion of writing. ("William Faulkner",Discovering Authors) Another author of great influence was Earnest Hemingway. Hemingway was a genius. He had a way of making his novels talk to his readers. Hemingway had a very well to do childhood, but as he grew older he resented his parents. Hemingway's first writing job was for the Toronto Daily Star. (Nelson32) At the star he did a lot of police and hospital beat ...