The Problem of Authority in the Continental Reformers Assignment

The Problem of Authority in the Continental Reformers - Assignment Example Luther's detestations towards the power of the Catholic Church and the' legitimacy of the Pope's indulgences, for instance, were marked by the dictates of his belief in political realism which was coupled with the 'ethical consequences of his doctrines' (Davies 37. Scholars contend that Luther was an 'accomplished theologian politician' whose struggles were 'inner' and spiritual yet, he likewise took controversial political stands in order to defend his goals of religious reformation. This clearly depicts Luther's ambivalent position on religion and politics. Luther asserted that men needed the restrictions that laws provide and advocated absolute obedience to authority while upholding spiritual freedom (New 34). This contention on absolute obedience is dubious since Luther decried the same absolutism brought about by the 'indulgences' of the Pope. Furthermore, his overly passionate stance on the foreigners' exploitation of Germany evoked hostile resentment against the foreigners, as well as patriotism and indignation from the Germans (New 35). For many liberals and humanists in that period, Luther's type of reformation was fundamental - overly passionate and almost bordering on rebellion. John Calvin employed the same kind of radicalism in order to alter the political and social environments of his day. Fashioning social and political organizations completely from biblical principles, Calvin impressed on the people of Geneva, a very stringent moral system obtained from a literal reading of the Bible. These new impositions went through protestations as the people believed that they successfully dislodged the Papacy only to be disappointed by the experience of a similar form of the papacy with Calvin at the helm. Calvin's innovative political philosophy and social reforms had brought about a radical transformation in Europe. Zwingli, as compared Luther and Calvin who discussed various theologies in their writings and arguments, opted for a unified theme. Nevertheless, Zwingli tackled an analogous fundamental movement in the form of a very stringent Protestantism in which the Gospel was almost treated as a law (Bromiley 121). Zwingli's contribution to the social life of his generation cannot be discounted as his teachings became the foundation of social and organizational principles of the fundamentalist Protestants and the Puritans which later became the basis of the political and social structures of the English colonies in the United States. Zwingli's ideas were so pervasive that up until this day, the principles of a social organization still persist. Hence, Zwingli's reformation movement can be characterized as rather revolutionary and political as observed in his preoccupation with both clerical and secular politics (Bromiley 128).

Assignment 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

1 - Assignment Example The private sector, on the other hand, is referred to as for-profit sector. These include businesses and institutions that offer goods and services for sale. Their main aim is to achieve profits in the sale of these products and services. This is quite different from the public sector that majors on service delivery not on a profit. It is through the revenue and taxes that the employees in the private sector fund the public sector. The private sector also through their corporate social responsibility programs help the community to develop. Non-for profit organizations are institutions that are not categorized in the public or private sectors and offers goods and services for free. In some situations, good corporate citizens donate to the public sector in an effort to give back to the community. In disaster situations, these groups are affected interdependently. For a case of a mudslide, the demand for public services is increased. Due to the increase in the demand of these services, the budget of the public sector is strained. Companies and businesses in the private sector are also interfered with due to the damage of the disaster. This results to less tax remittance since their services have been affected (Lyon & Hamlin, 2001). In worst cases scenarios, the staff at these businesses may lose their jobs on either a permanent or temporary basis. The tax remittances and contributions to non-profit organizations have to reduce since the businesses are not running as usual. In this type of scenario, the non-profit organization is faced with a decrease in contributions and sometimes an increase in demand of their services. Depending on the cruelty of the disaster and the strains on the local system, funds from outside of the resident community may be required to support the public in its salvage and go back to its normality. Question #2 Disaster and emergency management has had continual evolution through the years. There exists numerous career opportunities in this field since an individual can be employed in the private, public and non-profit sectors. It is a sophisticated field because it disaster affects any part of the community. This interrelationship between the sectors has affected the skills set for disaster and emergency managers. The careers range from the project managers on the ground to policy makers and executives in the office. Employment, therefore, in this field can be permanent or temporary since the disaster and emergency are not always happening (Haddow et al, 2011). An example of a full time employment is at FEMA. At FEMA, Permanent Full-Time (PFT) staffs are employed through a modest procedure that comprises an interview and application. Recruited employees can gain competitive status after one year of continuous service. Temporary employment at FEMA can be as Cadre of On-Call Response/Recovery Employees (CORE). These are employees hired to labour for a specific limited period. This is usually about two to four years. Em ployment is usually renewed if there is consistent disaster and funding for the program is available. These staffs can be employed under a rationalized method instead of a modest process. They are normally qualified for similar remunerations  as PFT personnel, but do not get modest career or status tenure during their period of employment. Other employment avenues are in the disaster management facilities or offices. These range from administrative, accounts, management to support staff who guarantee smooth running of the facilities.

Palliative Care Situation Reflection

Palliative Care Situation Reflection Introduction Reflective practice enables nurses to critically review their actions through a process of thoughtful deliberation about past experiences, in order to learn from them (Tickle 1994; Atkins and Murphy 1995; Bailey 1995; Spalding 1998). Reflection is important since it provides opportunities for learning and continuing professional development (Hinchliff et al. 1993; Spalding 1998). Furthermore, it allows the nurse to better handle future situations and deal more ably with challenging events in everyday clinical practice (Jarvis 1992; Smith 1995). A number of models of reflection have been developed. Gibbs cycle considers the process of reflection as six key stages: (1) description of the event, (2) feelings, (3) evaluation, (4) analysis, (5) conclusion and (6) development of an action plan (Gibbs 1988). In this paper, Gibbs cycle will be used to reflect on an clinical incident that I have experienced which focuses on communication in palliative care and specifically, breaking bad news to a patient and his family. Palliative care is the care of any patient with advanced, incurable disease (Urie et al. 2000). Palliative care involves the management of pain and other disease-related symptoms, and aims to improve quality of life using a holistic approach that incorporates physical, psychological, social and spiritual aspects of care (Urie et al. 2000). Effective communication between nurses and other healthcare professionals, patients, and their families and carers forms a key component of palliative care, particularly when breaking bad news. Research has shown that healthcare professionals cite a number of challenges in communicating effectively, including cultural factors, deciding on the best process of communication and information to deliver, and the difficulty of conveying hope to patients and their carers (de Haes and Teunissen 2005). The NHS Cancer Plan published in 2000 states that: â€Å"the care of all dying patients must improve to the level of the best†, with good communication between healthcare professionals and patients as central to achieving this goal (Department of Health 2000). The Gold Standards Framework (GSF) is a framework designed to ensure a gold standard of care is provided for all patients who are nearing the end of their lives (NHS 2005). There are three stages in this framework: (1) identify, (2) assess and (3) plan, with effective communication a key goal underpinning each of these stages. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines on improving supportive and palliative care for adults also stresses the value of good face-to-face communication both between healthcare professionals and patients and also inter-professional communication (NICE 2003). This guidance supports the use of the Liverpool Care for the Dying Patient Pathway (2004) which provides a fr amework for improving communication. It is therefore important that nurses develop the required skills to enable them to communicate effectively with patients and carers, and also with other healthcare professionals within the multidisciplinary care team. Reflection using Gibbs cycle (1) Description of the event Mr Smith is a 39 year old father and company director who discovered a testicular swelling. He chose to ignore this, initially because he misinterpreted it as a sports injury, and later because he felt embarrassed about discussing this with a doctor. Nine months later he presented to the emergency admissions unit as he was becoming breathless far more readily than usual, and suffered a constant backache. These symptoms were found to be due to lung metastases and referred pain caused by metastases in the para-aortic lymph nodes. His prognosis was poor and his family were called so that they could be there when he received the diagnosis to help support him. The consultant delivered the news to Mr Smith and his family in a quiet room, with both myself and another staff nurse present. Understandably, both Mr Smith and his family were devastated. (2) Feelings This case has had a huge impact on me. As this was the first time I had attended a case where bad news of this nature had to be broken to the patient and their family, I was naturally apprehensive prior to the event. On seeing the reactions of Mr Smith and his wife to the news, I was unprepared for the strength of my own emotions and found it hard not to cry. Initially, I felt helpless and unable to do anything to help relieve their suffering. I also felt awkward and as if I was intruding at a time when they should be allowed to grieve together privately. However, these feelings quickly passed and were replaced by a desire to do my best to make Mr Smith’s end-of-life care the best possible and provide as much support to both the patient and his family as I could. (3) Evaluation The consultant broke the news to Mr Smith and his family very well and was able to draw on his considerable experience to handle the situation in a professional manner while showing empathy and sensitivity. The choice of a quiet room rather than an open hospital ward provided an ideal environment which afforded Mr Smith privacy to receive the news. The consultant primarily focused on verbal methods to communicate effectively, but also used non-verbal methods, such as sitting down on their level, rather than standing while they sat down; maintaining eye contact with both Mr and Mrs Smith throughout the conversation; using open body language (e.g. not crossing his arms); and using a soft tone of voice. The consultant did not rush in breaking the news and took time to explain Mr Smith’s diagnosis and prognosis, ensuring that what he was saying was understood and providing clarification where necessary. He was also careful not to give unrealistic answers to any difficult questions that were asked and was as optimistic as possible, while still being open and honest. While the consultant was speaking, the other staff nurse observed the reactions of Mr Smith and his family closely to pick up on non-verbal clues to their thoughts and feelings and was quick to step in to place an arm around the shoulders of Mrs Smith when she began to cry which was clearly of great comfort to her. The only negative aspect of the incident was that I felt that having two staff nurses as well as the consultant present was excessive and initially unsettled the family, serving to emphasise the gravity of the situation. (4) Analysis Effective communication As this was the first time I had been involved in a case like this, my role was largely one of observer. Nonetheless, this was still an excellent learning experience and provided me with the opportunity to develop my verbal and non-verbal communication skills through observation. On reflection, I feel that I could have kept my emotions more under control, but I was unprepared for the strength of Mr and Mrs Smith’s response to the news. The consultant played the key role with support from the other staff nurse, both of whom have considerable experience in palliative care. It was clear that hey had already gained the trust of Mr Smith during previous consultations. Trust has been identified as a major factor in establishing successful relationships between healthcare professionals, patients and carers (de Haes and Teunissen 2005), and this enabled more effective, open and honest communication. In palliative care, it is important to relate to the patient on a personal as well as a professional level (Lugton and Kindlen 1999). There should be consistency between verbal and non-verbal communication in order for the healthcare professional to be perceived as genuine (Benjamin 1981). Evidence has shown non-verbal methods of communication to be more powerful than verbal methods (Henley 1973), with listening and eye contact among the most effective forms of non-verbal communication. Touch has also been identified as an important for nurses in certain situations. The consultant relied mainly on verbal communication which may reflect gender-specific differences in communication with men using verbal forms more frequently and women tending to rely more on non-verbal communication methods (Lugton and Kindlen 1999). Observing the other staff nurse readily use touch to comfort Mrs Smith helped the rest of the family to relax and lessened the tension in the room slightly, also breaking down the ‘barrier’ between the healthcare professionals and the patient/family. I observed that the family appeared to view the nurse as a comforter and more approachable than the consultant, a view that continued throughout Mr Smith’s end-of-life care. Although not relevant to this particular case, it is important to acknowledge that effective communication between members of the multidisciplinary palliative care team is also essential. This can be challenging if, for example, team members have differing philosophies of care. One of the key recommendations of the NICE guidelines on palliative care is the implementation of processes to ensure effective inter-personal communication within multidisciplinary teams and other care providers (NICE 2003). During Mr Smith’s end-of-life care, I had to work closely with other members of the care team and there were instances where it was important for me to consider the perspectives of other team members in order to communicate effectively with them. Regular team meetings were beneficial in creating a forum where difficulties could be discussed and solutions to problems found. Reactions to receiving bad news in palliative care After breaking bad news to a patient, healthcare professionals may have to be prepared to deal with a variety of reactions including denial and collusion, and emotional reactions such as anger, guilt and blame. Denial is often a coping mechanism for patients who are unable to face the fact they have a terminal illness but patients will often begin to face reality as their disease progresses over time (Faulkner 1998). Family members and carers may encourage the patient to stay in denial, as this will delay the time when difficult issues have to be faced and discussed. Collusion between healthcare professionals and families/carers to withhold information from the patient is usually viewed as a way to try and protect the patient (Faulkner 1998). However, honest and open discussion with the patient themselves establishes their level of knowledge and understanding and can help to reassure them about their condition and accept reality. Patients and their families and carers often show strong emotional reactions to bad news. Anger may sometimes be misdirected towards the healthcare professional as the bearer of this news, and it is important that the cause of the anger is identified and addressed. Patients may feel guilt, and that they are somehow being punished for something they have done wrong. Alternatively, the patient may serve to blame their condition on other people. While healthcare professionals are unable to take away these feelings of guilt and blame, ensuring the patient has the chance to talk them through and discuss relevant issues can help them come to terms with these feelings. Mr Smith’s reaction to the news was one of self-blame and guilt – he blamed himself for not visiting a doctor earlier and felt guilty that he was putting his family through so much. He appeared to accept his poor prognosis and asked a number of questions which demonstrated a full understanding of his situation. Spiritual and cultural beliefs can influence an individual’s experience of illness and the concerns of both patients and their families or carers may need to be addressed either at the time bad news is broken or at a later stage during end-of-life care when individuals are facing death (Matzo et al. 2005). Incorporating spiritual care into nursing is therefore particularly important in palliative care; however, since neither Mr Smith or his family were particularly religious, this was not a key issue in this incident or in his subsequent care. Control of cancer-related symptoms in palliative care Patients with advanced cancer are typically polysymptomatic (Grond et al 1994). Common symptoms include pain, fatigue, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, constipation, breathlessness and depression. Effective control of these symptoms is essential for optimal quality of life during end-of-life care. As previously discussed, one of the main processes in the GSF framework involves assessing patients symptoms and planning care centred around these, to ensure that these symptoms are controlled as much as possible (NHS 2005). Three symptoms that required effective management as part of Mr Smith’s care plan were pain, breathlessness and depression. One of Mr Smith’s greatest concerns was that he would suffer considerable pain during the advanced stages of his cancer. This is a common fear held by many cancer patients. Pain is a symptom experienced by up to 70% of cancer patients (Donnelly and Walsh 1995; Vainio and Auvunen 1996). Pain may result from the cancer itself, treatment, debility or unrelated pathologies, and accurate diagnosis of the cause(s) of pain is therefore important. The World Health Organisation (WHO) ‘analgesic ladder’ (WHO 1996) provides a system for managing cancer pain and has been shown to achieve pain relief in almost 90% of patients (Zech et al. 1995; WHO 1996). Pharmacological interventions for pain management include the use of non-opioids such as paracetamol, aspirin, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) for the control of mild pain. In Europe, oral morphine is the dug of choice for the control of moderate to severe cancer pain, but weak or strong opioids may also be used, either with or without non-opioids. Correct dosing of opioids and effective management of common side effects (e.g. constipation) are essential (Walsh 2000), and adjuvant treatment for specific pain may also be required. Non-pharmacological interventions include the provision of emotional and spiritual support, helping the patient to develop coping strategies, use of relaxation techniques, acupuncture or the use of a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator (TENS). Evidence from a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials assessing nursing non-pharmacological interventions demonstrated these interventions to be effective for pain management but some trials showed minimal differences between the treatment and control groups (Sindhu 1996). Breathlessness is a common symptom among cancer patients which can be difficult to control and may cause considerable distress to both patients and their carers (Davis 1997; Vora 2004). Appropriate management frequently requires both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions (Bausewein et al. 2008). Pharmacological interventions include the use of bronchodilators, benzodiazepines, opioids, corticosteroids and oxygen therapy (Vora 2004). Non-pharmacological interventions which have been shown to be effective include counselling and support, either alone or in combination with relaxation-breathing training, relaxation and psychotherapy (Bausewein et al. 2008). There is limited evidence that acupuncture or acupressure are effective. Both anxiety and depression are common among patients with advanced cancer but both of these conditions are frequently under diagnosed (Barraclough 1997). Furthermore, these conditions are sometimes viewed as simply natural reactions to the patient’s illness. Pharmacological interventions such as antidepressants should be used if the patient show symptoms of a definite depressive disorder. Non-pharmacological interventions include relaxation, psychosocial therapies and massage (Lander et al. 2000). Optimal management of depression in patients with advanced cancer typically involves a combination of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches (Lander et al. 2000). Ethical and legal considerations in palliative care There are a number of ethical and legal considerations in palliative care such as euthanasia and the right to withhold or withdraw life sustaining treatment. Those aspects which were of importance in this account address the patient’s right to know their diagnosis (i.e. autonomy). Evidence shows that the majority of cancer patients wish to know their diagnosis and the likely progression of their disease (Faulkner 1998). This may present a challenge for clinicians and nurses who may wish to try to protect the patient and convey an optimistic outlook even when the prognosis is poor. In the case of Mr Smith, he wanted to know as much information as possible about his diagnosis and treatment and the consultant and nurse answered his questions as openly and honestly as possible. (5) Conclusion Reflective practice is important both as a learning process and for the continuing professional development of nurses. The use of a model such as Gibbs’s cycle enables the nurse to move logically through the reflective process and provides a structured approach. Effective communication is essential in palliative care. Nurses and other healthcare professionals must be able to communicate effectively both with patients and their families/carers but also with other members of the multidisciplinary care team. The nurse plays a key role in the provision of supportive and palliative care and must develop excellent verbal and non-verbal communication skills. Breaking bad news such as that given to Mr Smith is one of the hardest tasks for healthcare professionals, regardless of their level of experience, and it is essential that the situation is handled professionally, but also with empathy and sensitivity, taking full account of the ethical and legal aspects of the situation. The use of non-verbal communication by the nurse is as important as verbal methods of communication. (6) Action plan This incident provided me with a valuable learning opportunity and were I to encounter a similar situation in the future, I would feel much better prepared to deal with this. I have learnt that preparation is important, for example, selecting a suitable environment in which to break the news, and ensuring that chairs are placed correctly within the room. Rather than relying primarily on verbal communication, I would be more aware of the effectiveness of non-verbal methods, particularly touch, if this was appropriate. I have also developed a greater awareness of the ethical issues surrounding breaking bad news in palliative care, and the need to be open and honest with the patient and their family where possible. References Atkins, S. and Murphy, K. 1995, ‘Reflective practice’, Nursing Standard, vol. 9, no. 45, pp. 3135. Bailey, J. 1995, ‘Clinical reflective practice; reflective practice: implementing theory’, Nursing Standard, vol. 9, no. 46, pp. 2931. Barraclough, J. 1997, ‘ABC of palliative care: depression, anxiety and confusion’, British Medical Journal, vol. 315, pp. 1365–8. Bausewein, C., Booth, S., Gysels, M., Higginson, I. J. 2008, ‘Non-pharmacological interventions for breathlessness in advanced stages of malignant and non-malignant diseases’, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 3. Benjamin 1981, The helping interview, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston. Davis, C. L. 1997, ‘ABC of palliative care. Breathlessness, cough and other respiratory problems’, British Medical Journal, vol. 315, pp. 931–4. de Haes, H. Teunissen, S. 2005, ‘Communication in palliative care: a review of recent literature’, Current Opinion in Oncology, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 345–50. Department of Health 2000, The NHS cancer Plan: a plan for investment, a plan for reform. Retrieved 1st September 2008 from: http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4009609 Donnelly, S. Walsh, D. 1995, ‘The symptoms of advanced cancer’, Seminars in Oncology, vol. 22, pp. 67–72. Faulkner, A. 1998, ‘Communication with patients, families, and other professionals’, British Medical Journal, vol. 316, pp. 130–2. Gibbs, G. 1988, Learning by doing: a guide to teaching and learning methods. Oxford Further Education Unit, Oxford Polytechnic. Grond, S., Zech, D., Diefenbach, C., Bischoff, A. 1994, ‘Prevalence and pattern of symptoms in paients with cancer pain: a prospective evaluation of 1,635 cancer patients referred to a pain clinic’, Journal of Pain Symptom Management, vol. 9, p. 372–82. Henley, N. 1973, ‘Power, Sex, and Nonverbal Communication’, Berkeley Journal of Sociology, vol. 18, pp. 1–26. Hinchliff, S. M., Norman, S. E., Schober, J. E. 1993, Nursing practice and health care, 2nd ed, Edward Arnold, London. Jarvis, P. 1992, ‘Reflective practice and nursing’, Nurse Education Today, vol. 12, pp. 174–81. Lander, M., Wilson, K., Chochinov, H. M. 2000, ‘Depression and the dying older patient’, Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 335–56. Liverpool Care Pathway 2004, Liverpool Care of the Dying Patient Pathway. Retrieved 1st September 2008 from: http://www.endoflifecareforadults.nhs.uk/eolc/files/F2091-LCP_pathway_for_dying_patient_Sep2007.pdf Lugton, J. Kindlen, M. 1999, Palliative care: the nursing role. Churchill Livingstone, London. Matzo, M., Matzo, M. L., Witt Sherman, D. 2005, Palliative Care Nursing: Quality Care to the End of Life, 2nd edn. Springer Publishing Company, New York. NHS 2005, The Gold Standards Framework. Retrieved 1st September 2008 from: http://www.goldstandardsframework.nhs.uk/ NICE 2003, Improving supportive and palliative care for adults. Retrieved 1st September 2008 from: http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/index.jsp?action=downloado=28800 Sindhu, F. 1996, ‘Are non-pharmacological nursing interventions for the management of pain effective? – a meta-analysis’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 24, pp. 1152–9. Smith, C. 1995, ‘Evaluating nursing care; reflection in practice’, Professional Nurse, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 593–6. Spalding, N. J. 1998, ‘Reflection in professional development: a personal experience’, British Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 379–82. Tickle, L. 1994, ‘The induction of new teachers’, Castell, London. Urie, J., Fielding, H., McArthur, D., Kinnear, M., Hudson, S., Fallon, M. 2000, ‘Palliative care’, The Pharmaceutical Journal, vol. 265, no. 7119, pp. 603–14. Vora, V. 2004, ‘Breathlessness: a palliative care perspective’, Indian Journal of Palliative Care, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 12–18. Walsh, D. 2000, ‘Pharmacological management of cancer pain’, Seminars in Oncology, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 45–63. WHO 1996, WHO guidelines: cancer pain relief, 2nd ed. World Health Organization, Geneva. Zech, D., Grond, S., Lynch, J., Hertel, D., Lehmann, K. A. 1995, ‘Validation of World Health Organization guidelines for cancer pain relief: a 10 year prospective study’, Pain, vol. 63, pp. 65–76. Vainio, A. Auvunen, A. 1996, ‘Prevalence of symptoms among patients with advanced cancer; an international collaborative group study’, Journal of Pain Symptom Management, vol. 12, pp. 3–10.

The Evolution of Change in Pride and Prejudice Essay -- Literary Analy

Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is a remarkable story showing the complications between men and women before and during their time of falling in love. The plot is based on how the main characters, Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy, escape their pride, prejudice and vanity to find each other; however, both must recognize their faults and change them. Jane Austen follows the development of Elizabeth’s and Darcy’s relationship in how they both change in order to overcome their own vanities and be able to love each other. Mr. Darcy is very proud and vain man. Darcy’s pride occurs because his family allows him to follow his principles â€Å"in pride and conceit† (Austen 310). Elizabeth decides soon after meeting him that he is a despicable man, much too abrupt and overweening, and obsequious to be liked by anyone, and lacking even the most basic social skills of the time he is very laconic with everyone The gentlemen pronounced him to be a fine figure of a man, the ladies declared he was much handsomer than Mr. Bingley, and he was looked at with great admiration for about half the evening, till his manners gave a disgust which turned the tide of his popularity; for he was discovered to be proud, to be above his company, and above being pleased; and not all his large estate in Derbyshire could then save him from having a most forbidding, disagreeable countenance, and being unworthy to be compared with his friend. (58) Not only does Elizabeth see Darcy as prideful, but the other characters do as well. Darcy’s pride results in his alienation from the others. Darcy has such a high opinion of himself that he creates a pariah reaction from Elizabeth. Elizabeth has her issues with her prejudice against Mr. Darcy and hi... ...After the proposal they talk about their past relationship by having a very benign conversation, and many misunderstandings are cleared â€Å"In vain I have struggled. It will not do. My feelings for you will not be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you† (Austen 179).Their marriage is presented in a positive light because they have had to work hard to achieve it. Pride and Prejudice is an apt name for the book, since these notions permeate the novel thoroughly, especially in the views of Elizabeth and Darcy. Eventually when Elizabeth accepts Darcy’s final proposal we. Even after they both confess their love for each other; they pose and answer questions for each other. This shows that from the beginning to end, Darcy and Elizabeth have gone through major changes by putting aside their pride of themselves and prejudices for others.

The Great Gatsby: What Makes Daisy So Attractive?

â€Å"Her voice is full of money† (Fitzgerald, 120). This quote, said by important personality Gatsby, explains Daisy’s character and demeanor. Daisy Buchannan is one of the main characters in the novel The Great Gatsby. The wife of Tom Buchannan and the dream of Jay Gatsby, Daisy embodies the immoral and shallow values of the upper class East Egg. Although she is not very sincere, to most Daisy is attractive, beautiful, and sexy. What makes Daisy so inviting? She makes a man improve for her in order to get what they want, she has standards and she wants the best, and only the best. Since the beginning, Jay Gatsby has been madly in love with Daisy, or the thought of Daisy. Gatsby only knew Daisy for one month before he was deployed to war. Is one month enough to fall in love with someone? Five years later, Gatsby still believed that he was in love, and he conceived a new persona to make Daisy come back to him after she married Tom. â€Å"You're acting like a little boy†¦. † (Fitzgerald, 88). This was a quote that the narrator, Nick Caraway, said to Gatsby about how he was acting around Daisy. Jay Gatsby knew to get Daisy back he would need to become the absolute best, the richest, the most handsome, and the most charming. It might have been the challenge of being superior to the rest that was so appealing to Gatsby or it could have been Daisy’s dead-as-a-doorknob personality. The real question is, Is Daisy worth it? What makes Daisy so appealing to smart men such as Gatsby? Is it the challenge of becoming the best, or is it something else? Jay Gatsby wasn’t the only one who thought Daisy was worth more than perceived. Her husband, Tom Buchannan also believed that Daisy was a prize. To Tom, it seemed, that Daisy was a trophy wife, someone he could show off, not care about, come back, and she would still be there. What brought them together was money, the thing that they both loved and had in common. Nick summed up her love for money well, â€Å"She wanted her life shaped now, immediately—and the decision must be made by some force, of money†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Fitzgerald, 151). Daisy didn’t care about who she loved more when she had to pick Tom or Gatsby; she cared about the money while she was making one of the biggest decisions of her life. To Tom, Daisy was a beautiful woman who he would love to have for his wife. Tom and Daisy were alike in that way, neither of them cared about personality or values; they cared about their reputation. It wasn’t Daisy’s disposition that made Tom marry her; it was her looks and reputation that he found attractive. Daisy Buchannan wasn’t one of the brightest aristocrats in East Egg to say the least. Her ditzy nature might have been cute to some, but it was obvious that it was more than just a darling quality. Daisy had no common sense, if a man was looking for just looks (like Tom), Daisy was the girl to go to. Her comment to Gatsby, â€Å"I’d like to just get one of those pick clouds and put you in it and push you around† (Fitzgerald, 94) made readers re-think why Jay Gatsby would be so far in love with her. â€Å"She never loved you, do you hear? She only married you because I was poor and she was tired of waiting for me. † (Fitzgerald, 130). There must have been something special about Daisy for Tom Buchannan and Jay Gatsby to have such strong feelings for her. Whether it was her looks, her dimwits, or her money she had what other women would die for, two of the richest and most known men in East Egg fighting over her. What makes Daisy Buchannan so attractive? To some, it’s her looks, the thought of what she might be like, to others it’s her money or her innocent ditz, and certain people might even find her repulsive. The readers of Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby will take strong stands on Daisy and her character.

Nuclear Energy A Beneficial Solution For The Future - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3034 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Energy Industry Essay Level High school Tags: Nuclear Energy Essay Did you like this example? When I first hear the words Nuclear Energy or Nuclear Power I immediately think of bombs, weapons, radiation, and danger. I associate the word nuclear with a negative connotation and a sense of fear. In school, I had learned about the war and how the United States had used nuclear weapons to bomb other countries to prevail to victory. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Nuclear Energy: A Beneficial Solution For The Future" essay for you Create order However, this was all I had learned regarding this vast, complex topic of nuclear power. I now realize that nuclear energy has the potential to really benefit the earth and has many positive factors to it that are commonly overlooked. The future of Nuclear Energy is bright and should be expanded and given more attention to because it has the potential to greatly impact climate change; an issue the earth is immensely struggling with today. Nuclear power should continue to be used and further researched/funded because it is beneficial to reducing carbon emission, overall it is very safe and non-destructive, and is not only the cleaner option but also the cheaper option. The future of nuclear power should include being used for purposes such as generating electricity and medical advancements not only in the United States, but all countries around the world. Nuclear energy is beneficial to the environment because it releases little to no greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases, such as carbon, are causing an increase in the average temperature of the earths atmosphere, also known as global warming. Global warming attributes to climate change because it is causing glaciers and ice caps to melt which then leads to rising sea levels; all which are greatly hurting the earth and contributing to the large issue of climate change (Climate Change Primer par. 6). Nuclear energy can help reduce the amount of carbon emitted into the atmosphere. In 2014, it was recorded that 13% of the worlds electricity comes from nuclear power plants that emit little to no greenhouse gases (Good par. 4). This percentage should be increased as years go on because we should be taking advantage of this clean energy that nuclear power provides and expanding its uses. Nuclear power plants are crucial to the world becoming a more ecofriendly place. When power plants are closed down, we turn to carbon, coal, and other natural gases to replace the energy that was once produced by nuclear power. This switch from clean energy sources to harmful ones, leads to immense increases in carbon emission.   The USC concluded that closing all of the nuclear power plants that are currently scheduled to be decommissioned or that are unprofitable would cause U.S. power sector emissions to rise by 4-6% (Piercy par. 2). The transfer from nuclear power to natural gases was seen first hand after the tragic event of Fukishima. After the nuclear power plant experienced a meltdown in Japan, the government decided to stop using nuclear energy altogether by shutting down already existing plants and cancelling the development of new ones. Prior to the accident in Fukishima, Japan had 54 nuclear reactors. Now they must rely on fossil fuels to produce the energy lost due to shutting down all these power plants, which is very damaging to the environment (The Nuclear Option, 00:07:26 00:07:50). Another example of greenhouse gas emission rising due to a nuclear power plant closing was seen in California with the shutdown of the San Onofre Generating Station. Fossil fuels were used to replace the electricity that was once powered by the plant and data has shown a substantial increase in the amount of greenhouse gas emission following the shutdown of the plant. California has now ordered that the Diablo Nuclear Power Plant be shutdown in 2024, which has caused an uproar in environmentalists who fear this will lead to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions as seen in the past (Nikolewski par. 9).   Nuclear power is a clean source of energy in California as it has accounted for 9.18% percent of the states power mix, without producing greenhouse gases (Nikolewski par. 8). Furthermore, nuclear energy is a great way in helping improve our environment. Nuclear power is not only a clean source of energy but also a reliable one. By shutting down power plants, cities are turning to fossil fuels to make up for the energy that was originally powered with nuclear plants. The future of nuclear energy should be to expand the number of nuclear power plants across the country, thus leading to lower levels of greenhouse gases being emitted into the atmosphere. Some environmentalists are against nuclear power because they argue that it is not a renewable source of energy and should not be relied on. Uranium is a key component in the process of creating nuclear energy. However, uranium is not a renewable resource and the quantity of known uranium reserves with ore grades richer than the critical level of 0.01% is very limited (Diesendorf 8). This means that uranium is not going to last forever and is not a reliable source to invest time, research, and money into. With the current status of nuclear energy accounting for 16 percent of the worlds electricity production, the high-grade reserves would only last several decades (Diesendorf 8). Data shows that if we continue to advance nuclear power to the next level and try to use it for half of the worlds electricity, the high-grade reserves would only last around 10 to 20 years (Diesendorf 8). Nuclear energy needs to be further researched and developed to combat these issues. Nuclear power is a good investment for many reasons and more reserves of high-grade uranium ore will be discovered, leading to longer lasting uranium to fuel power plants (Diesendorf 9). Even though nuclear energy is not fully renewable, it is still a clean and reliable source of energy. Solar and wind energy cannot keep up with the high demand for electricity. What happens when the sun doesnt shine, or the wind doesnt blow? A professor from Harvard University named Michael Aziz explained how there is not enough storage for wind and solar energy, so even if these sources of power grow rapidly, it will be a long time before it has a big impact (The Nuclear Option, 00:09:25 00:10:00). Nuclear power is an overall very safe form of energy. People tend to stray away from nuclear power because they associate it with catastrophic events such as Chernobyl or Fukishima and fear the dreadful effects of radiation. Radiation was the cause of many deaths during the Chernobyl incident because firefighters were exposed to high levels of radiation due to them rushing in to help soon after the incident took place, with very little protective gear (Ritchie par. 1). This nuclear accident also took place in 1986, when nuclear energy was very new, and people did not know how to handle it properly. The meltdown at Fukishima occurred in 2011 and no one was killed due to radiation from the power plant. People took the proper precautions and survived even though it forced them to move out of their homes. A nuclear engineer named Nathan Myhrvold stated that Fukishima could have been avoided altogether with modern advancements regarding the structure of the power plant so that it could ha ve withstood a meltdown (The Nuclear Option, 00:24:03 00:24:18). An engineer at Oregon State, named Jose Reyes, invented what he called the AP1000 which is a more safe and efficient way to build nuclear reactors. This innovation has an emergency water reservoir to help prevent a meltdown for 72 hours without the use of electricity. This modern technology could have prevented the disaster at Fukishima (The Nuclear Option, 00:27:16 00:27:51). With modern advancements in nuclear power plants, fear of radiation should not be the reason we are not going all out with nuclear energy. There are so many rules and regulations when building power plants to ensure the safety of the communities surrounding them. If people are against nuclear power because they fear the effects of radiation, they should be more focused on banning cigarettes. A smokers lungs receive more radiation every year than a US radiation worker! US radiation workers receive around 50,000 micro-sieverts per year while a smokers lungs receive about 160,000 micro-sieverts worth of radiation every year (The Most Radioactive Places on Earth, 00:09:30 00:10:15).   This is caused by the radioactive plutonium and radioactive lead in the tobacco that they are smoking. People are surrounded by radiation everyday and do not even realize it. Fears of the harmful effects of radiation should not be a reason people are against nuclear power. Radiation is a part of everyday life and people who run the power plants know how to ensure that no one is receiving more than the healthy amount. Nuclear power plants appear to be unsafe and unpredictable because the news publicizes and focuses on major meltdowns. This only allows people to see the negative and rare aspects of nuclear energy, yet the damage is so intense that people are quick to turn against nuclear power altogether. When looking at the grand scheme of things, there have only been three major reactor accidents in the history of civil nuclear power (Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors, par.1). Two of these incidents did not kill anyone and new technologies have been invented to help ensure accidents like these do not happen again. These accidents are the only major incidents to have occurred in over 17,000 cumulative reactor-years of commercial nuclear power operation in 33 countries (Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors, par.1) yet this information is not made known to the public. Overall nuclear power is a very safe form of electricity as well as being a reliable source of energy. The risk of an accident occurring i s low and declining due to the new advancements in technology regarding safer ways to generate nuclear power. This safe and reliable technology should be used in the future as our prime source of electricity and should be funded so that we may further research and develop all the possibilities nuclear has to offer. People should not worry about their safety when it comes to nuclear power plants. The Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) states that nuclear power plants maintain the highest standard for operational safety, security, cybersecurity and emergency preparedness (Safety, par. 1). So much attention and time is given to ensuring that nuclear power plants are safe for the people in and around them. Nuclear plants take pride in the fact that they not only meet the safety standards created by the government, but they exceed them (Operational Safety, par. 1). The NEI also wrote an article explaining how studies by the National Cancer Institute, the National Research Councils BEIR VII study group and several other nuclear power related organizations all show that U.S. nuclear power plants effectively protect the publics health and safety (Myths Facts About Nuclear Energy, 7). This same article also compared people who worked in nuclear power plants to people who work at restaurants and concluded t hat nuclear power plants were the safe place to work due to all the rules and regulations in place (Myths Facts About Nuclear Energy, 7)! Nuclear power is a very safe form of energy and its use should be increased as well as expanded in the future. The media needs to show the safe statistics about nuclear power because a main concern of people who argue against nuclear is that it is unsafe due to the major meltdowns that have been publicized. Nuclear power is also a smart choice for the future not only because it is a clean form of energy, but it is also cost effective. Nuclear power plants are quite expensive to build, but once they are up and running, they are fairly cheap to run (Economics of Nuclear Power, par. 3). Although solar and wind energy are also affordable and renewable, they are not as reliable as nuclear, thus nuclear is the way to go and is the smart investment. Nuclear energy also produces the same amount of electricity for a cheaper price when compared to solar energy; nuclear plants can produce electricity for just four cents per kilowatt hour compared to solar energys sixteen cents per kilowatt hour (Good par. 11). It is also less expensive to operate a nuclear power plant when compared to a fossil fuel power station. There is also less risk of operating cost inflation within the power plants. Nuclear power plants are also a good investment choice because they are intended to last for over 60 years (Ec onomics of Nuclear Power, par. 4). The World Nuclear Association has also stated that the U.S. saves $12 billion dollars each year for energy costs because of nuclear power (Good par. 8). Furthermore, nuclear energy is not only a clean source of energy for improving climate change, but it is also cost effective and worth the investments so that we may further research and develop nuclear power in our near future. Nuclear power is not only useful in generating electricity; it also has a lot of practical value such as being used in agriculture, fertilizers, medicine and therapy. We need to understand that radiation is not always a harmful thing to humans. In the medical field, radiation is used on a day to day basis to help diagnosis and treat diseases such as cancer. The World Nuclear Association stated that Diagnostic procedures using radioisotopes are now routine (Radioisotopes in Medicine, par. 1). Nuclear medicine is a crucial component to the medical field and uses advance technology such as radiation to provide diagnostic information about the functioning of a persons specific organs, or to treat them (Radioisotopes in Medicine, par. 1). Radiation/radioactivity are very useful when handled in the correct way. People tend to hear the term radiation and get worried or scared that this will hurt them because of all the news about people dying or being hurt due to radiation from the bombs, o r nuclear meltdowns. When in reality we should be publicizing radiation or radioactivity as a good thing in todays society because it is used in about one third of all procedures in modern hospitals (Medical Applications, par. 1)! These procedures are among the best and most effective life-saving tools available, they are safe and painless and dont require anesthesia, and they are helpful to a broad span of medical specialties, from pediatrics to cardiology to psychiatry. (Medical Applications, par. 1). These are key reasons as to why nuclear power should definitely be seen in our future in order to make it safer and to advance medical technology/medicine even more than it is today. These amazing advancements/applications seen in the medicine field should be a key reason the United States as well as other countries are more than willing to further fund nuclear energy so that it may be seen as a big part of our future. Nuclear power is also used in therapeutic ways. Many of the nuclear powered therapies are used to relive pain in patients, such as people battling against leukemia. Patients being treated for leukemia may be experiencing bone pain due to having been through a bone marrow transplant. A therapeutic procedure requiring strontium-89 and (increasingly) samarium-153 are used for the relief of cancer-induced bone pain which has been seen as very effective in patients (Radioisotopes in Medicine, par. 30). Another effective and very useful form of therapy is known as targeted alpha therapy (TAT) or alpha radioimmunotherapy. This type of therapy is used for the control of dispersed cancer cells. TAT has been seen most effective for treating pancreatic, ovarian, and melanoma cancers (Radioisotopes in Medicine, par. 32). Surgical procedures can be a very tramatic and terrifying experiance for some people to go through. Nuclear science has made non-invasive procedures that are able to look over different parts of the body and diagnose all different kinds of conditions a reality. Examples of these non-invasive producers include x-rays, MRI scanners, CAT scans, and ultrasounds (Medical Applications, par. 5). Nuclear medicine has been developing and advancing over time and has been very successful in most developed countries (Medical Applications, par. 8). Thus, we must continue this trend and keep pursing nuclear power and all it has to offer. Advancements in nuclear power have also been able to help fight against deadly viruses such as the Zika virus found in Brazil. Ionizing radiation has been used to sterilize male mosquitoes so that when they mate with females, they bear no fertile offspring. This results in a reduction of the mosquito population, thus an effective technique to reduce the number of disease-carrying mosquitoes (The Many Uses of Nuclear Technology, par. 43). Nuclear power has also been able to help prevent food-borne diseases as well as increase the shelf life of certain produce. A technique called food irradiation exposes foodstuffs to gamma rays to kill bacteria which results in the food not spoiling as quickly, controls for pests, and decreases the likelihood of food-borne diseases (The Many Uses of Nuclear Technology, par. 27). The future of nuclear power has the potential to eliminate deadly viruses and keep food fresher for a longer period of time; both advancements that would greatly impact third world countries which is why nuclear power should be a priority to keep around for future generations. Overall, nuclear power is a very beneficial resource for numerous reasons. Nuclear power has the ability to make the world a cleaner place by producing electricity without emitting greenhouse gases such as carbon. Nuclear power is also a very safe form of electricity since there have been technological advancements in the way we build nuclear power plants so that they can withstand a meltdown. There is also many safety laws and regulations in place by the association known as OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), so that the people who work in and live around nuclear power plants are ensured safety to the best of their abilities. Nuclear power also has many practical applications such as being used in agriculture, therapy, and most importantly medicine. Nuclear power is a crucial component in the medical field today along with helping the earth combat global warming and climate change; both main reasons why we must further fund, develop, and research Nuclear energy. T he future of nuclear power should be seen all over the world and be funded/expanded in all countries to ensure that everyone is benefitting from all nuclear energy has to offer.

Introduction To Jit On The Basis Of Quality Management Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3372 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? In todays competitive global business environment, the goal of all manufacturing systems to survive long term. Survival of manufacturing in a increasingly competitive market close will depend on its ability to produce the best quality at the lowest price possible and in a timely manner with the shortest delivery times. Moreover, these goals must be achieved by paying greater respect to mankind staff who operate the system. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Introduction To Jit On The Basis Of Quality Management Business Essay" essay for you Create order Although it is difficult to achieve is the complexity of manufacturing processes. It is not hard to build quality, but are extremely difficult to do while maintaining excellent quality and respect for the humanity of people who do the actual work of building the product. A Just-in-Time (JIT) approach proposed here is able to achieve all the objectives above. Just-in-Time (JIT) On the basis of quality management is both a philosophy and guiding principles that integrates basic management techniques, existing improvement efforts and technical tools. This approach focuses on long-term benefits due to the elimination of waste and continuous improvement of systems, programs, products and people. It has an important influence on quality control, purchasing, and work culture with a philosophy that includes the cost of meeting delivery schedules, employee empowerment and skills development, supplier relations and development new products. But this approach requires factories to keep in ventories of finished, because even a small problem in the supply chain, and small errors on defective goods can increase production to stop. Some techniques for controlling single market and the quality is developed so that the raw materials or components of high quality can reach the factory, as they needed, and the production of defective products can be reduced to near zero degrees. Conceptually, this approach combines seemingly contradictory goals of low cost, quality, manufacturing flexibility, and reliability of delivery. Its effects are important for improving the overall performance of the entire organization. However, there is no standard for implementing JIT is not steady progress towards the ultimate goal of service you want, with a continuous flow smoothly synchronized correspond to final demand, with perfect quality goods receipt. The adoption of JIT approach in the context of India can be useful for these industries are still struggling with reliability issues and long delays, low quality, low productivity, high rates of waste and defects, shortages of raw materials, and underutilization of workers and equipment. Theory of JIT production Based on quality management is the combination of JIT inventory control, quality control and management functions of production that made sincere efforts to improve the quality of two ways. First, it focuses on the philosophical aspect of improving quality through accountability for the quality of each, and then focused on the effective implementation of quality control technician. He acknowledged that the most valuable resources of an organization are the workers and employees work best when they are motivated, valued, to contribute, and allowed to make their own decisions. Under this approach, workers inspect the quality of the product after each successive operation. They are trained with the managers in the preparation and interpretation of process control charts. Managers motivate employees to think about the quality of the production rate of the first and second. Workers have the power to stop the production line or cell, if quality problems are discovered. Thus, this conc ept not only provides quality responsibilities of workers, but also reflect this responsibility with the authority to share the functions of quality control, if quality problems can be identified and resolved quickly. In addition, the JIT production system requires the purchase of parts in small series. Small batches require less space and time. Less space and requires less time to people and facilities to do the same job. In addition, small parties easy to inspect and identify gaps quickly. Thus, parties that are bought regularly in small batches with frequent deliveries contribute to improved quality and productivity through lower inventory levels and waste, reducing monitoring costs for parts used, and early detection of defects . In short, JIT approaches have the potential to improve product quality and productivity levels important, but organizations should adopt the principles in a way that meets their own organizational structure, design and processes. OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH This research paper has the following two objectives: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY This research has been conducted by taking SECONDARY DATA from the internet. The research is primarily based on analysis of two popular automobile manufacturers: 1. Maruti Suzuki 2. Ashok Leyland LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The current report is limited to only two companies i.e., Maruti Suzuki and Ashok Leyland. The report represents an analyses based on the data that is available online. The accuracy and reliability of the analysis is completely based on my interpretation and valuation of data. The analysis and study could not be approved by company officials as they refuse to entertain students on such matters. Automobile Industry Of India India has a large automotive sector. The country ranks ninth in Asia and the world 4thin global automotive industry. India has an annual production of approximately 2.3 million units. Today, India is the worlds largest maker of tractors, the second largest motorcycle manufacturer and the fifth largest manufacturer of commercial vehicles. The automobile industry in India has accelerated after deregulation in 1991. The industry continued to grow steadily and is increasingly relevant in the global market. In the recent past, India has experienced a resurgence in the automotive sector with its relaxed restrictions on investment policies in the sector. overall economic growth in India has also played an important role in attracting foreign investors to invest in India in the automotive sector in the country. The automobile sector in India has shown great progress in the use of new technologies and be flexible in the wake of the changing business situation. In addition, the g rowth of Indias middle class and greater purchasing power with the support of strong macroeconomic fundamentals have helped to attract leading car manufacturers in India. Several global players, including major automakers Suzuki and Honda have invested heavily in India and was able to exploit the market in India. All these factors and initiatives that the government is an indication that the Indian car industry was becoming a new industry that has unlimited potential for growth and promises to provide valuable return on investment. The automotive sector was not only satisfy the requirements of the market, but was deeply into the international market. COMPANY OVERVIEW: Maruti Suzuki India Limited Maruti Suzuki India Limited, a subsidiary of Suzuki Motor Corporation in Japan, is a leading Indian car market for about two decades. Marutis growth driven by the automotive industry in India, in fact, its impact on lifestyle and psyche of an entire generation of Indian middle class, it is widely recognized. Maruti tops customer satisfaction again for the seventh consecutive year, according to JD Power Asia Pacific Index 2006, India Customer Satisfaction (CSI) Study. The company also ranked highest in India Sales Satisfaction Study. TNS Automotive Maruti also ranks first corporate social responsibility. Maruti is also one of the top five car rental companies: Forbes list of the best-known companies in the world November 6 In 2001, Maruti Suzuki India Ltd has become one of the first car companies around the world to receive ISO 9001:2000 certification. AV Belgium assessed the quality systems and practices related to the automotive industry worldwide global auditors Internatio nal Organization for Standardization. Maruti has already implemented more than 6 million cars by 2006, in fact an average of two vehicles from the factory to roll every minute. In March 2007, Maruti crossed cumulative total exports of 450,000 vehicles since its first exports in 1986. Vehicles for export and manufactured in the same production facilities. Ashok Leyland Ashok Leyland Motor began assembling commercial involvement vehicles.With British Leyland in the capital, in 1954, the Company has been renamed as Ashok Leyland. Since then Ashok Leyland has been a significant presence in the Indian industry of commercial vehicles. These years were marked by a series of technological innovations that became industry standards. This tradition of technological leadership have been made through comparisons with international technology leaders and through vigorous R D. Ashok Leyland vehicles have built a reputation for reliability and susceptibility to interference. 375 000 vehicles, we have placed additional pressure on the common road of independent India. The share of road freight transport increased from 12% in 1950 to 60% in 1995. In the carriage of passengers, the jump is equally dramatic: from 25% to 80%. At 60 million passengers a day, Ashok Leyland buses carry more passengers than the entire Indian railway network. In populous metros i n India, four of the five-state transport company (STU) buses come from Ashok Leyland. Some of them like the double-decker bus and hallways are unique Ashok Leyland, tailor-made for high-density routes. In 1987, the exploitation by foreign LRLIH (Land Rover Leyland International Holdings Limited) was incorporated as a joint venture between the Hinduja Group, the Non-Resident Indian transnational group and Iveco Fiat SpA, part of Fiat Group and the manufacturer Trucks Europe leading. Global Standards, Global Markets prepared the blue print for the future reflects the Companys global ambitions, captured in four words: Global standards, global markets (liberalization and globalization still air). Encouraged by the support of two global giants, Ashok Leyland launched a significant product and process technology Upgradation the world-class standards of technology. On the way to global quality standards, Ashok Leyland reached a milestone in 1993 when he became the first in the automoti ve industry in India to win ISO 9002 certification. The most comprehensive ISO 9001 certification came in 1994. 1994 was also the year that global technology has changed the way India perceived trucks. The year of a new world-class race truck a superior technology and environmentally friendly to roll on road in India. Our factory of state-of the-art House, near Bangalore. They were called Cargo. Loading brought a new set of values ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹and a basket of unmatched performance, paving the way for a change. JUST IN TIME AT ASHOK LEYLAND Ashok Leyland, one of the largest private companies in the country, had sales of about Rs 6,000 crore in 2005-06. Ashok Leyland is part of the Hinduja Group. It is also one of the largest automakers and auto component companies in India. The company offers a range of world-class trucks, buses, special application vehicles and engines, the passage of millions of people in over 40 countries worldwide. During 2005-06, the company produced a total of 65 085 vehicles, of which it exported 4,879 units. Domestically, the company has sold a total of 56 776 units. Oscar incoming The project SCM provider partnership comprises the supply base rationalization, tiered suppliers and cluster information, the optimization of inventories through JIT and LCL, total cost management, logistics initiatives, and -sourcing and global supply. The proceeds from the Oscar entry Provider partnership includes technical support and engineering, the global market, the worldwide availability of spare p arts, testing capabilities, improved performance on the field, a provider of systems, JIT deliveries and world class technology . the profits of the partnership are Level I, vendor consolidation, continuous technological upgradation of products without any inward investment, shorter development lead time, value engineering and cost reduction, improved performance on the field, the effectiveness of JIT inventory supplies and human power to rationalize. Vendor base rationalisation Gains from price reductions include the amount, to improve the quality and reliability of the seller to improve the framework for continuous improvement, multi-layered system to facilitate the purchase, installation and reduce paperwork Supplier tierisation accompanying economies of scale, purchasing a system to rationalize the supplier base material to a cluster of compliance with the 5S-error-checking, process improvement, resulting in self Inventory levels have decreased from 23 to 18 days . Total cost management includes a number of cost management initiatives, such as management, process management, design, technology and capabilities. The total savings were 3% of total operating costs. Logistics initiative included the rationalization of transport based, drawn from Kanban satellite stores, improving truck turn around, load, mode and route optimization for the benefit of the logistics process that led Ted to save the company more than Rs1.25 crore a year. JUST IN TIME AT MARUTI SUZUKI The Company has adopted the Japanese system, JIT to achieve greater operational efficiency and reduce inventory carrying costs. JIT improves return on investment in a business by reducing in-process inventory and transportation costs. To ensure the supply of raw JIT, the company gives preference to local vendors and suppliers to promote the function of the distance to establish the base near Maruti Suzuki `s facilities. Over 76% of 246 company suppliers are within 100 km radius. providers are strategically located in major components such as instrument panels, fuel tanks, bumpers, seats adjacent to the manufacturing facilities of the companys supplier park. JIT has evolved over the past 25 years, the companys monthly time of daily programs of parts orders and, finally, in 2003, and system-Nagare, which means the delivery systems for planning time, a practice that helps maintain a list of less than two hours in some parts of society. The e-Nagare successfully run the busine ss today and helps to maintain the population of the right material at the right time, right place and the exact amount, without the safety net of excess inventory, reducing inventory levels, cost of ownership . Maruti Suzuki driven by manufacturing excellence principles to reduce waste, inconvenience and inconsistency drank parent SMC, Japan. Maruti Suzuki, using best practices such as Just in Time (JIT), Kaizen (continuous improvement), Quick Quick, and Poka Yoke (fail-safe feature). The best practices are replicated in business processes and business partners to make its operations lean and free of blemishes. The company is actually connected via resellers Dealer Management System (DMS), the interaction dealer and annual reviews that will help retailers to cost savings and customer convenience. Storage levels are maintained to reduce the burden of holding inventory. higher inventory levels are adjusted as necessary for financial viability. The result is a multiplicity of efficiency in the value chain. LIMITATIONS OF INTERFIRM PRODUCTION Culture Differences: Organizational cultures differ from company to company. There are cultures that bind to JIT success in international business, but it is difficult for an organization to change its culture few . Time frame : The production is highly dependent on suppliers and if the unit is not delivered on time, the entire production schedule may be delayed. Crunch on delivery : Today, many Tier1, Tier2 and Tier 3 suppliers are struggling financially to meet their customer demands for lower cost, better quality and results of the time. Loss of team autonomy: This is the result of lower buffer stocks that result in less flexibility for employees to solve the problem individually. Loss of method autonomy: This means that workers must act in a way, when problems occur, it is not possible for them to have their own method to solve a problem. Responsive method : It is not the final product available to order spare unexpected, because all the product is manufactured to meet actual orders JIT, however, is highly responsive method of production. Some Important Features of JIT Based Quality Management This section describes some unique features of this concept, which plays a crucial role to achieve its goal of continuously improving quality, eliminating waste and reducing costs. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ One of the most remarkable features of JIT is that it produces a large number of proposals that employee participation in continuous improvement. Management works hard to implement these proposals. A number of proposals considered as an important criterion to assess the performance of the employee. This conclusion recognizes employee efforts to improve quality. quality circles in accordance with a proposal for a group focused on improving the system. In a nutshell, the JIT system requires an effective proposal for the production operations of employees. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ JIT emphasizes awareness and provide clues to identify problems. When a problem is detected, it must be resolved. So, this concept requires training with a variety of tools for proble m-solving. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Improve the success of any problem is solved. To consolidate a new level, the improvement is standardized. Thus JIT also requires the standardization of methods and procedures. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Often, the heterogeneous composition of the workforce and the negative relationship between the labor market, it is difficult to introduce changes to improve productivity and quality. Therefore, strong motivation, employee involvement and an open corporate culture is crucial for the effective implementation of JIT. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ JIT requires experience working with concrete data. Put more emphasis on the use and analysis of statistical data for quality control and troubleshooting. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Due to construction workers in many different machines at the same time, this system leads to a significant expansion of responsibilities of workers and skills. Therefore, effective training progr ams are the main requirements of JIT to develop multiple skills among workers. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ JIT is to encourage suppliers to make a commitment to provide excellent quality products. In order to fulfill this commitment, lasting quality software is essential to the operations of the supplier in constant communication between the buyer and supplier. Implications for Indian industries Indian manufacturing sector is one of the largest industries in the world that has never been implemented by governments and potential protectionist bureaucracy. Thus, Indian goods are now classified competitiveness fund sector effectiveness, personnel management, product quality and productivity of workers, 15 In these circumstances, the urgent need to implement JIT practices in India. But in some states in India to regulate the relations between business, labor, suppliers and financial institutions. These relationships have a major impact on the fact that the team can be deployed in India present economic, cultural and social system, attitudes and trends. With the implementation of a JIT Indian industry a huge savings to be produced and the productivity of the new ethics may arise, which can help to strengthen the Indian economy. In addition, JIT practices can help Indian firms become more competitive by improving its exports in the global market. But we find that social, cult ural and political have a significant impact on JIT practices in different parts of the world. In India, suppliers of various raw materials (domestic and imported) are under government control through supply agencies, resulting in considerable uncertainty. The government controls the prices of key resources, and tax rates, to create obstacles to applying the JIT 16 Some of the reasons for the slow implementation of JIT are listed below. In addition, the workforce in India is generally ignorant, lack of motivation and more concerned about the monetary benefits and job security as the development of the carrier and develop their potential. Trade unions and their resistance is also promoted the implementation team. Therefore, the specific cultural changes necessary to successfully implement JIT. Education can play a crucial role in this direction. On this issue, some researchers have argued that the Japanese models are very successful in India. Therefore, some training programs with deadlines, should be organized in the Indian work force, after a careful examination of their behaviour, personal characteristics, attitudes and social values. Reasons for Slow Implementation of Just-in-Time (JIT) in Indian Context. 1. High cost of implementation 2. Informal and casual quality auditing 3. Lack of Communication at various levels 4. Lack of customer awareness about product quality 5. Lack of support from R D department 6. Lack of teamwork 7. Lack of top management participation in QC Programs 8. Lack of training 9. Lack of understanding about JIT Techniques 10. Negative attitude, traits beliefs of Indian work force 11. Poor and inadequate maintenance 12. Shortage of multifunctional workers 13. Traditional methods of quality control Conclusions Based on JIT quality management to make dramatic improvements in cost and quality through optimum utilization of human resources with emphasis on simplicity, elimination of waste and continuous improvement. This could be a great opportunity for Indian industry because of its relatively low investment requirements and compatibility for small businesses. This approach exploits the full capacity of workers and allows them to systematic analysis of the root causes of quality problems by making small sustainable changes in organizational arrangements. It allows workers to become involved in decision making through the trust and responsibility in their hands. Several Indian industry is leading the joint investigation team with the belief that it would be useful to counter global competition. But the effectiveness depends on the qualities, attitudes and values ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹of Indian labor. Ultimately, it is hoped that the I ndian industry to be able to undertake the necessary changes to existing production systems for JIT Quality Management to get the maximum benefit.